Term
| What cell component controls cell structure and movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two main components make up the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main types of cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| Microfilament, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Intermediate Filaments |
|
Definition
1. Mainly for structure support
2. Toughest and most durable
3. Span the cytosol
4. Link cells at cell junctions
5. Strengthen cell junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Junctions made between cells |
|
|
Term
| Eight tetramers of intermediate polypeptides makes |
|
Definition
| One rope of intermediate filament |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of intermediate filament proteins |
|
Definition
1. Middle has the chemical capacity to make more of itself
2. The end globular proteins anchor to one another
3. Work as cell's rebar |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate Filament Chart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intermediate filaments associate with |
|
Definition
| Microtubules and Plectin (links IF to other proteins) |
|
|
Term
| How are IF 'unraveled' in the nuclear lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement and organization center (centrosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long strand of tubulin heterodimer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abundant protein found in cells |
|
|
Term
| Gammatubulin grows out of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ends grow away from gammatubulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do cells need gammatubulin? |
|
Definition
| Allows organization of microtubules at right time/place. |
|
|
Term
| GTP binds to tubulin _______ the end of the microtubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GDP binds to tubulin _______ the end of the microtubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capping microtubule proteins does two things.. |
|
Definition
1. Create polarity of the cell
2. Stimulates growth in a direction |
|
|
Term
| By having invaginated membrane____________ can get into the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we get calcium stores to open? |
|
Definition
- Utilize neuromuscular junction (electrical signals converted to chemical signal)
- Neurotransmitter binds to receptor, releases Ca
- Ligate gated ion channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeps actin away from myosin until calcium disrupts it so it can bind |
|
|
Term
| Two outcomes of creating polarity in the cell |
|
Definition
1. Microtubules help create axons
2. Direct movement and transport |
|
|
Term
| Two types of motor proteins used for movement in microtubules |
|
Definition
1. Dynein- toward minus end
2. Kinesin- toward plus end |
|
|
Term
| How could a microtubule allow flagella movement? |
|
Definition
| Motors to help crosslink other microtubules |
|
|
Term
| How can microtubules bend? |
|
Definition
| Fixed link proteins allow microtubules to bend |
|
|
Term
| What kind of filament is actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintain shape and contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single polypeptide of actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dynamic instability of F-actin is... |
|
Definition
- It can add or subtract from either end with ATP
- Hydrolization favors subtraction |
|
|
Term
| Actin must ______ to function |
|
Definition
| Interact and couple with other proteins |
|
|
Term
| _____ and ______ bind together to form cell cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actin's role in cell mobility |
|
Definition
1. Rearrange cell so it can walk along the matrix
2. Repolymerizes filaments to favor movement |
|
|
Term
Filopodium –
Lamellipodium –
Contractile Bundle – |
|
Definition
Filopodium – long feeler of actin
Lamellipodium – fills in space between filopodium
Contractile Bundle – linked the filopodium and Lamellipodium to the rest of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between actin and myosin |
|
Definition
| Myosin helps move the filaments of actin through contraction |
|
|
Term
| Main motor component of muscle contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of myosin associates with actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cells have multiple ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of myosin II and actin bundled together = (sarcomere) |
|
|
Term
| Order from sarcomere to muscle |
|
Definition
| Actin & Myosin II --> Sarcomere --> Myofibril --> Muscle Cell --> Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contractile unit of myosin II and actin that makes up myofibril |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the sarcomeres during contraction? |
|
Definition
| The myosin/actin interaction pulls heads inward and ATP hydrolysis drives contraction. |
|
|
Term
Examples for:
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules |
|
Definition
Microfilaments - actin
Intermediate filaments - various
Microtubules - alpha and beta tubulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long strand of tubulin heterodimers |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules have polarity - which ends point away from gammatubulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in your body is not made up (entirely) of cells? |
|
Definition
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - makes up structural elements of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Ca moves out of the way and allows, actin and myosin to bind
- Control of Ca decided whether or not binding will happen
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Tensile strength – support tissues and organs
2. Structural support – support tissues and organs
3. Flexibility – strength and movement
4. Shock absorption
5. Cue for cell growth/development (“home”) – cells know what they are and what they need to become |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diverse array of proteins and it self assembles |
|
|
Term
| Why does collagen only assemble outside of cells? |
|
Definition
| Cell can’t accommodate the collagen inside |
|
|
Term
| How do we assemble proteins inside cell? |
|
Definition
| ER, cytosol, chaperone proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that exist in tissue and they create ECM and structure |
|
|
Term
| Fibronectin's purpose in cells |
|
Definition
| Links collagen to cells because it has collagen binding site and cell attachment site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that help cells bind to matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Made up of two kind of proteins
-(HOLDING ORDER) Integrin -> fibronectin -> collagen
- Linked to microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Integrins link cells to the ECM and also connect to the actin cytoskeleton
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides protection against compression, shock absorption, lubrication, and space filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seals neighboring cells with epithelial sheet to prevent leakage between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joins an actin bundles between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms channels that allow water soluble molecules, ions to pass from cell to cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anchors IF in a cell to the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
Five Types of Epithelial Cell Junctions
(TADGH) |
|
Definition
| Tight, Adherins, Desmosomes, Gap, Hemidesmosome |
|
|
Term
Cadherins -
Homotypic protein - |
|
Definition
Cadherins -surface cell proteins
Homotypic protein - binds to other cells |
|
|
Term
| Caherins link what kind of junctions? |
|
Definition
| Desmosomes and adheren; allow flow of molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integral linking proteins that seal |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes link _______ and ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Cell adherence to extracellular matrix
- No cadherin, but integrins and linkage to intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| Gap Junctions allow ______ through cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein connections found in gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| Reasons cells need to sense and respond to their environment |
|
Definition
- Relay a message
- Survival
- Tracking down nutrients
- Division
- Cell Death
- Immune System cells
- Reproduction
- Response to Light/Dark, Hot/Cold = Environment
- Change Shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Converting one type of signal to another
Example: extracellular signal -> intracellular signal |
|
|
Term
| Steps of signal Transduction (6 Steps) |
|
Definition
1. Arrival of signal in a cell
2. Perception of the signal
3. Transmission of signal into the cell
4. Passing of the signal
5. Arrival of the signal at destination
6. Turn off the signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extracellular substance that initiates intracellular signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to the first messenger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule that binds to a receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events that happen in a specific order after the transfer of original signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intermediate molecule that is part of the cascade that relays signal from receptor to target molecule
Example: Calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What happens to the cell
Ex. Change in gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Final protein target that determines the behavior of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Four Common Themes in Cell Signaling |
|
Definition
1. Specificity (Structure and Function)
2. Amplification
3. Cross-Talk
4. Concentration |
|
|
Term
| Types of Signaling Molecules |
|
Definition
1. Hormones
2. Local Mediators
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Contact Dependant Signaling Molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cell makes hormones
2. Hormone travels through bloodstream
3. Recognized by target cell
4. Triggers cascade of events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Signal made in one cell
2. Diffuses through extracellular fluid to target
3. Bind to receptor on target cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Signal is made and recognized all by the same cell
2. Local mediators
Why would it do this?
Amplify signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Signal molecule binds to receptor on target cell
2. Causes cascade
3. Flow of neurotransmitters into target cell
4. Membrane voltage changes |
|
|
Term
| Contact-dependent signaling |
|
Definition
1. Direct contact between two cells
2. Signal molecule embedded in membrane
3. One of the cells become specialized. Cause other cells to not differentiate. – other cells are notch cells (receptors) |
|
|
Term
| Effects of signaling molecules |
|
Definition
1. Contraction rate
2. Secretion
3. Apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| Problem: if a cell is bombarded with different signals, how does it “know” which one to respond to and which ones to disregard? |
|
Definition
| The strength of the signal, gradient, protein receptors (cell surface, intracellular) |
|
|
Term
| Two Types of Cell Receptors |
|
Definition
1. Intracellular
2. Cell Surface |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular Receptors and Response Elements of Cortisol into the cell |
|
Definition
1. Change of conformation allows cortisol to get into the nucleus.
2. Binds to a response element – DNA sequence (enhancers) = increases transcription of a target gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A 2nd messenger that is made from a molecule of GTP |
|
|
Term
| Steps in Intracellular signaling molecules (CASCADE) |
|
Definition
1. Relay and spread signal through the cell
2. Amplify the signal
3. Integrate several signals
4. Distribute signal to more than one pathway
5. Scaffold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Way to bring cells together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MAP kinase cascade uses scaffolding to get all kinases together
ex. MAPKKK
MAPKK
MAPK
TXN factor
Phosphorylating down the line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cytoplasmic hotspots – signals concentrated
2. Lipid Rafts – area of thick membrane – concentrates signal |
|
|
Term
| Signaling molecules can act as _________ ________ |
|
Definition
| molecular switches (on OR off) |
|
|
Term
| Three Types of Cell Surface Receptors |
|
Definition
1. Ion-channel coupled receptors
2. G-protein-coupled receptors
3. Enzyme-coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| Ion-channel coupled receptors example with Acetylylcoline |
|
Definition
When signaling acetylylcoline molecule binds, it opens calcium ion channel receptor
LETS IONS IN |
|
|
Term
| G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) |
|
Definition
1. Ligand binds, changes conformation of GCPR.
2. Allows for interaction with G-protein.
3. It’s achored in the membrane – associates with GPCR
N-terminis in extracellular space; C-terminis inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense molecules outside the cell and activate signal transduction inside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Works as molecular switch, regulate ion channels, and activate enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Adenylyl cyclase turns into ________ during enzyme activation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What theme happens when enzymes are activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cAMP is good because water soluble, high aTP, easily diffuses |
|
|
Term
| cAMP is a __________ because it is ___________ |
|
Definition
| Second messenger; readily available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It phosphorylates a protein using ATP. |
|
|
Term
| How is phosphorylation a molecular switch? |
|
Definition
| It is a switch because phosphates can be added and taken away, thus turning signals off or on. |
|
|
Term
| How is calcium a handy 2nd messenger? |
|
Definition
| It plays an important role in signal transduction pathways, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, contraction of all muscle cell types, and fertilization. |
|
|
Term
| How are receptors specific? |
|
Definition
| Each receptor is specific for a specific ligand. |
|
|
Term
| How does cell achieve cross-talk? |
|
Definition
| The cell integrates information from multiple signals to initiate an appropriate response. |
|
|
Term
| How does cell achieve amplification? |
|
Definition
By converting a small signal into a large response.
Ex. Local mediators, autocrine signaling, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium binding protein
Calmodulin binds to calcium = conformation change. now it can recognize target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A G-Protein coupled light receptor; uses light as 'ligand' |
|
|
Term
| Steps in Rhodipsin signaling sequence |
|
Definition
1. GPCR Rhodopsin is activated by light
2. Activate g-protein transducin
3. Sets off signaling cascade
4. Causes ion channels to close
5. Voltage change neurotransmitters released |
|
|
Term
| How could you turn off RAS? |
|
Definition
1. Hydrolyze GTP
2. Dephosphrylate the signal
3. Take away signal molecule |
|
|
Term
| Akt signaling ________ apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapamycin _______ TOR involved in __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| JAK-STAK Pathway in Milk Production |
|
Definition
Two Jaks phosphorylate and change conformation
phosphorylates receptor
recognized by STAT
Jak phosphorylates STAT
turns on transmission of milk production protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In absence of ethylene destroyed
Presence of ethylene turns on responsive genes |
|
|
Term
| Determine function in insulin response |
|
Definition
- Knockout/knockdown/make a mutant
- View affects on insulin production |
|
|
Term
| You think your sequence turns on transcription |
|
Definition
- Western blot for protein expression
- RT PCR = Measure RNA being transcribed
- Bioinformatics
- DNA microarray |
|
|
Term
| RAS interacts with partners – how does it? |
|
Definition
- Tag specific proteins
- Assay – Coimmunoprecipitation
- Measure P target |
|
|
Term
| What if RAS was always active? |
|
Definition
| - unregulated cell cycle, cell growth proliferation, no regulation |
|
|
