Term
|
Definition
Heart pumps hemolymph through vessels into
spaces surrounding the organs
Materials are exchanged between the
hemolymph and the cells in those spaces |
|
|
Term
| Closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
Blood is confined to vessels that course through the organs where materials are exchanged.
Closed circulatory systems are more effective at transporting circulatory fluids over long distances in larger animals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Part of the Closed circulatory system
Heart chambers
Atria – chambers that receive blood
Ventricles – chambers that pump blood |
|
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Term
|
Definition
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
*arteries – arterioles* |
|
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Term
|
Definition
vessels that return blood to the heart
*capillaries – venules – veins* |
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Term
|
Definition
| a connective tissue with cells that are suspended in plasma |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of blood |
|
Definition
Plasma
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The liquid component of blood in which blood
cells are suspended |
|
|
Term
| what does plasma contain? |
|
Definition
Mostly water, but also ions and blood proteins
*Also transports metabolic wastes, hormones, respiratory gases, etc* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lack Nuclei
biconcave shaped
contain Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The iron-containing oxygen transport protein in red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| An assembly of four globular protein subunits. Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein heme group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of Leukocytes? |
|
Definition
White blood cells’ primary role is to fight
infections |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 different types of Leukocytes |
|
Definition
monocytes, neutrophils,
basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what do lymphocytes develop into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotting factors that allow one to “self-seal” in the case of a small cut or scrape |
|
|
Term
| No nuclei – fragments of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic defects that affect the clotting process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have the ability to develop into many different types of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replace old or damaged blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Fish with a 2 chambered heart |
|
Definition
- One atrium
- One ventricle
Blood flow:
Ventricle → Gills → Aorta |
|
|
Term
| what makes lungfish unique |
|
Definition
they have a 3 chambered heart
One aorta receives oxygen poor blood from the body
One aorta receives oxygen rich blood
from the lung |
|
|
Term
| Amphibians have a 3 chambered heart.How does it work? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary and systemic circulation is partially separated
Amphibians supplement oxygen by absorbing it through the skin |
|
|
Term
| what reptiles have a 3 chambered heart and how does it work? |
|
Definition
- turtles
- snakes
- lizards
Ventricle is partially divided by a septum
It has Two aortas |
|
|
Term
| what reptile has a 4 chambered heart and how does it work |
|
Definition
crocodilians.
heart has:
Two ventricles, each with an aorta,the Two aortas are connected by a blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| how does the 4 chambered heart in mammals and birds work? |
|
Definition
Two atria
Two ventricles
*Double circulation*
right side pumps oxygen poor blood
left side pumps oxygen rich blood |
|
|
Term
| how is unidirectional blood flow ensured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevent backflow into the atria once ventricles contract
Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevent backflow into the ventricles from arteries once ventricles relax
- Pulmonary and aortic valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when valves don’t close properly |
|
|
Term
| step 1 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava deliver oxygen poor blood to the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| step 2 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| step 3 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| The right ventricle contracts,pushing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| step 4 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
Pulmonary trunk divides into
pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| step 5 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| step 6 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Blood loses CO2 and picks up O2 in capillary beds in the lungs, then returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| step 7 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Blood flows from the left atrium through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| step 8 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
Left ventricle contracts and
pushes the blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta |
|
|
Term
| step 9 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Arteries branch off the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the capillary beds in the head and forelimbs |
|
|
Term
| step 10 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| More arteries branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the capillary beds in abdominal organs and hindlimbs |
|
|
Term
| step 11 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Capillaries, venules and veins in the head and forelimbs converge into the cranial vena cava |
|
|
Term
| step 12 in mammalian circulation |
|
Definition
| Capillaries, venules and veins in the abdomen and hindlimbs converge into the caudal vena cava |
|
|
Term
| what does the atria do in the mammalian heart |
|
Definition
| contract and push blood into ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what does the ventricle do in mammalian heart? |
|
Definition
| contract much more strongly and pump blood to all body organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction phase of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxation phase of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of beats per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction |
|
|
Term
| in the mammalian heart what keeps blood flowing in the proper direction |
|
Definition
Four valves.
Two atrioventricular valves – Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
Two semilunar valves – pulmonary and aortic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood driven by the contraction of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lub – caused by blood recoiling after hitting the closed atrioventricular valves
dup – sound caused by blood recoiling after hitting closed semilunar valves. |
|
|
Term
| when does a heart murmur occur |
|
Definition
when one or more valves do not function properly.
i.e.:Blood squirts backward through the valves. |
|
|
Term
| what does the Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker control? |
|
Definition
| the rate and timing of contraction of cardiac muscles (sinus rhythm) |
|
|
Term
| what does the Atrioventricular (AV) node do? |
|
Definition
| delays electrical impulses to insure the atria empties before the ventricle contracts. |
|
|
Term
| how is blood circulation governed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick walled to withstand the high pressure associated with contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin walled, and convey low pressure blood back to the heart as a result of muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| what causes blood to flow slow? |
|
Definition
the aorta divides into arteries and arteries divide into arterioles.
slow blood flow maximizes the amount of time for transport of substances across capillary walls |
|
|
Term
| is blood pressure higher in arteries and veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High blood pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower blood pressure when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed |
|
|
Term
| what is Capillary Function |
|
Definition
The only blood vessels with thin enough walls to allow transfer of substances from the blood to the interstitial fluid
- Diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Blood pressure
- Osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| capillaries are not always filled with blood all the time.... |
|
Definition
Eating – increased blood flow to digestive tract
Exercising – increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
*Controlled by pre-capillary sphincters* |
|
|
Term
| Only about 85% of all fluid that enters the interstitial fluid makes it back into the veins on its own. what happens to the remaining 15%? |
|
Definition
| returned to the blood stream via the lymphatic system, a series of vessels that attaches to the vena cava near its junction with the right atrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have small valves that prevent fluid (lymph) from flowing backwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are centers that filter the lymph, and attack viruses or bacteria that are
circulating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what genetic factors is cardiovascular disease Influenced by? |
|
Definition
Influenced by lifestyle choices
- smoking, alcohol
- lack of exercise
- diet rich in animal fat
- high cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LDL's: Low density Lipoproteins. Bad cholesterol deposits plaques
HDL's: High density Lipoproteins. Good cholesterol reduces plaques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hardening of the artery walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertension promotes atherosclerosis. what happens if this is left untreated? |
|
Definition
heart attack: interrupt blood supply to the heart
stroke: Interrupt blood supply to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange materials and energy with its environment.That exchange ultimately occurs at the cellular level.Unicellular organisms have a direct exchange.Simple diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular organisms have evolved physiological systems for exchange and transport of materials. why? |
|
Definition
| These systems ensure that no substance has to diffuse very far |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The uptake of molecular oxygen from the
environment and the release of carbon dioxide to the environment |
|
|
Term
| what is gas exchange often referred to as? |
|
Definition
| respiration, but should not be confused with the metabolic process of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the part of the body where gas exchange occurs. examples:
- gills (fish, salamanders, clams)
- skin (earthworms, some amphibians)
- tracheae (most insects)
- lungs (reptiles, birds, mammals) |
|
|
Term
| Air is a better respiratory medium than water. why? |
|
Definition
| because oxygen diffuses more readily through air. |
|
|
Term
| how do High temperatures cause respiratory problems for aquatic animals? |
|
Definition
| because oxygen is not as abundant in water, and diffuses away faster at high temperatures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do most insects use for gas exchange? |
|
Definition
trachaea such as:
- spiracles
- air sacs |
|
|
Term
| Fish gills use countercurrent flow to |
|
Definition
maximize gas exchange.
Gills are supported by gill arches that lie between the mouth and the opercular flaps. Water flows unidirectionally into the mouth, over the gills, and out from under the opercula
- double pump system |
|
|
Term
| Bird lungs use unidirectional air flow to maximize gas exchange. what is the process |
|
Definition
Trachea → bronchi → parabronchi → air capillaries
*Parabronchi coalesce into larger bronchi, and return air back to the trachea* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glottis (epiglottis)
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs - occur in one location in the body |
|
|
Term
| Since lungs are not in direct contact with the rest of the body.... |
|
Definition
| the circulatory system must bridge the gap |
|
|
Term
| Negative pressure breathing |
|
Definition
Works like a suction pump that pulls air
instead of pushing it into the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| how does negative pressure breathing work? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles enlarges the rib cage, enlarging the lungs,which then drops the pressure, and air rushes in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the volume inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the maximum tidal volume during forced breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air that never leaves the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein that consists of four subunits, each of which contain a cofactor
called a heme group with an iron atom at its center. this is function sensitive to environmental factors such as shifts in PH |
|
|
Term
what is Function is sensitive to
environmental factors,(e.g. shifts in pH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are breathing control centers located? |
|
Definition
in two areas of the brain stem
- medulla oblongata (autonomic functions)
- pons
*Key-in on CO2 concentrations
in the blood (and subsequent changes in pH)* |
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of Carbon Dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| CO2 produced by body tissues diffuses into the interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
| step 2 of Carbon Dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| 90% of the CO2 produced by the body tissues attache to red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| step 3 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| Some CO2 is transported by hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| step 4 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
Most CO2 reacts with water to form
carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
|
|
Term
| step 5 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| H2CO3 (carbonic acid) dissociates into HCO3 - and H+ ions |
|
|
Term
| step 6 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin binds to most of the H+, preventing it from acidifying the blood |
|
|
Term
| step 7 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| Most of the HCO3- diffuses into the plasma where it is carried to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| step 8 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| In the lungs, HCO3- diffuses into red blood cells, and converts back to H2CO3 |
|
|
Term
| step 9 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| H2CO3 is converted back into carbon dioxide and water |
|
|
Term
| step 10 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide is unloaded from hemoglobin and released into the interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| step 11 of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar space, and is then expelled during
exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Excretory systems of many animals use three different processes. what are these processes? |
|
Definition
| filtration, secretion, and reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| why is extracellular fluid filtered |
|
Definition
so it does not contain cells or macromolecules.
Filtrate flows through tubules associated with the excretory system, and is secreted or reabsorbed as necessary. For example: Urine |
|
|
Term
| what is salt & water balance influenced by? how do animals react to this? |
|
Definition
The environment.
1)Terrestrial animals must conserve salts and water because both can be rare
2)Marine animals have an abundance of salt, but must combat water loss to their environment as a result of osmosis
3)Freshwater animals have an abundance of water,but not salts |
|
|
Term
| what are Carbohydrates and fats metabolized to? |
|
Definition
| water and carbon dioxide that are relatively easy to eliminate |
|
|
Term
| what does Catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produce? |
|
Definition
| nitrogenous wastes (as well as water and carbon dioxide) that must be eliminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common way nitrogen is excreted because it is highly soluble in water and diffuses easily, but is toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-toxic way nitrogenous waste is excreted
- excretion can result in a lot of water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also non-toxic form of excreting nitrogen: forms a colloidal suspension in urine, but its excretion loses very little water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excretory organ of a flatworm consists of a tubule and a flame cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired excretory organs of Annelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of tubules used by insects as a highly effective way of excreting nitrogenous wastes with very little water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main excretory organ of vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the functional unit of the kidney
-using Tubules and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Filtration of the nephron |
|
Definition
each one has a ball of capillaries
called a glomerulus that filters blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filtrate from the glomerulus flows into the renal tubule and is modified as ions, nutrients and water are reabsorbed into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filtrate in renal tubule is further modified until it can be excreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood enters the glomerular capillaries via afferent arterioles and leaves via efferent arterioles
Blood then flows to the peritubular capillaries which secrete waste materials into the urine, and carry away absorbed substances |
|
|
Term
| where is Bowman's capsule located? |
|
Definition
| the beginning of the renal tubule and encloses the glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of Bowman’s capsule that are in direct contact with the glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts glomerular filtrate into urine |
|
|
Term
| Urine that is excreted is much more concentrated than what? |
|
Definition
the extracellular fluid that was initially
filtered |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the kidney? How does the function work? |
|
Definition
filters blood, processes filtrate into urine, releases urine
Kidney→Ureter→Urinary Bladder→Urethra |
|
|
Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| In the kidney:filters most of the glomerular filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the kidney:makes the urine more concentrated by means of countercurrent multipliers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the kidney:the top end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the kidney:distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join and empty into the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| why is the kidney important in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys produce urine, maintain acid-base balance, and osmoregulate the body fluids of an organism |
|
|
Term
| what causes kidney failure |
|
Definition
| retention of salts and water, and a decrease in pH, and can result in death |
|
|
Term
| How is kidney failure treated? |
|
Definition
| dialysis, or in extreme cases, by kidney transplant |
|
|
