Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| control from outside of organ as in Nervous and Endocrine System |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| response enhances stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
Receptor (Sensor): detects deviation in set point
Control Center: determines response
Effector: Produces Response |
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Term
|
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous |
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Term
|
Definition
Protection
Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities; has basement membrane; forms membranes and glands (Secretions); regularly replace; tightly joined cells with small matrix; nonvascular |
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Term
| Classification of Epithelial Tissues by Layers |
|
Definition
Simple: One Layer
Stratified: Multilayer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covers visceral organs; lining lumina and body cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
Two or more layers of cells; protection, strengthening or distention.
Found in Epidermal layer of skin; lining of body openings, ducts and urinary bladder |
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Term
| Classification of Epithelial Tissue by Shape |
|
Definition
Squamous: flat
Cuboidal: cube shaped
Columnar: column-like |
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Term
|
Definition
Single layer of flat cells
Diffusion and Filtration; covering visceral organs, lining of lumina and body cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; excretion, secretion or absorbtion.
Located in capillary walls, alveoli of lungs, covering of visceral organs, lining of body cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
Single layer of nonciliated, tall, column shaped cells; protection, secretion and absorbtion.
Found in lining of GI tract |
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Term
|
Definition
Single layer of ciliated column shaped cells; transportation through ciliary motion,
Found in lining of lumen of uterine tubes |
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Term
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Definition
Single layer of ciliated irregulary shaped cells with many goblet cells; protection, secretion and ciliary movement.
Found in lining of respiratory passageways |
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Term
|
Definition
Multilayered flat cells. Protection and pliability.
Found in lining of oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anal canal and epidermis of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
Usually two layers of cubes-shaped cells. Strengthens luminal walls.
Located in larger ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, thyroid and pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
Numerous layers of round nonkeratinized cells. Relaxed and flexible; large and round; permits expansion and recoil.
Located in Luminal walls and urinary bladder |
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Term
|
Definition
Loose and Dense
Fluid: Blood and Lymph
Support: Cartilage and Bone |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Padding and cusions; insolates; energy reserves.
Located in deep skin, buttocks, breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys |
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Term
| Areola (Loose Connective) |
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Definition
Packaging and holding organ together and in place. Attaches epithelia to underlying tissues.
Found in skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, blood vessels and nerves. |
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Term
| Reticular (Loose Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Supportive Framework
Located in liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow. Found most everywhere in body but mostly in those places. |
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Term
|
Definition
Regular and Irregular
Packed with collagen fibers; dense, fibrous; fibers arranged next to each other |
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Term
| Dense Regular (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Provides firm attachement; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative position of bones.
Located in tendons and ligaments. |
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Term
| Dense Irregular (Connective Tissue) |
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Definition
Fibers arranged in an irregular way.
Located in Capsules and Dermis |
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Term
| Supportive Connective Tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Flexible support and protection
Three types:
Hyaline
Elastic Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Hyaline Cartilage (Supportive Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between boney surfaces.
Located between tips of ribs and bones of the sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial larynx, trachea, bronchi, and part of nasal septum. |
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Term
| Elastic Cartilage (Supportive Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape |
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Term
| Bone (Supportive Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Formed of concentric layers of calcified material
Three types of cells:
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasps |
|
|
Term
| Muscle Connective Tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| Elongated, large, striated, multinucleated, voluntary, individually controlled. Lined up parallel to form bundles |
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Term
| Smooth Muscle (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Not striated, involuntary.
Found in walls of all hollow organs. Controlled by ANS. Long, spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus. |
|
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Term
| Cardiac Muscle (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| Striated, involuntary; found only in heart. Branched; intercalated discs between cells. Circulates and maintains blood through autonomic contraction. |
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Term
| Blood (Loose of Fluid Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
Red Blood Cells-millions
White Blood Cells-thousands
Platlets-hundred thousands |
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Term
| Lymph (Loose or Fluid Connective Tissue) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Nervous Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
| consists of Neurons and Neuroglia (supporting glia cells) |
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Term
| Neurons (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
specialized for conducting electrical signals.
Three basic components:
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon |
|
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Term
| Neuron Cell Body (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| Nucleus; metabolic center |
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Term
| Dendrites (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| highly branched extensions off cell body; receives input from other neurons and conducts to cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
| single,long extension off cell body; conducts nerve impulses to other cells or effector organs. |
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Term
| Neuroglia (Connective Tissue) |
|
Definition
| Supporting/Glial cells-provide physical and functional support for neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
Smallest unit of chemical elements.
Composed of Nucleus (protons and neutrons) and Electron Shells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons in an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
# of electrons = # of protons
1st shell has 2 electrons
2nd shell can have upto 8 electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
Only in the outer Electron Shell
Can participate in chemical reactions and form bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
Different forms of the same atom
Different # of neutrons
Atomic # is the same; Atomic mass if different |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost electron shell is completely saturated (full) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost electron shell only paritally full |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules form by chemical bonding between Valence electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atoms sharing Valence bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
Electrons are shared equally between two atoms; Hydrophobic
O2 and H2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are shared unequally in atoms; Hydrophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another (losing or gaining)
Cation: + charged
Anion: - charged
Weaker than Polar Convalent Bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
Form between molecules with polar convalent bonds; Hydrophilic
Ex: in H2O negative oxygen atom attracts positive Hydrogen atom of adjacent molecules.
Weaker than Ionic and Convalent Bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
H+ concentration of solution.
0-14 Scale H2O is 7 (neutral)
Acids: 0-7
Bases: 7-14
Blood: 7.35-7.45
Acidosis < 7.35
Alkalosis > 7.45 |
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Term
|
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Carbon: 4 electrons in outer shell; bonds convalently to fill 8 electrons.
Backbone to which all reactive functional groups are added |
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Term
|
Definition
Organic Molecule
Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Simple Sugar (one sugar molecule)
Glucose
Fructose
Galatose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Two monosaccharides joing convalently.
Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose (glucose and galatose)
Maltose (malt sugar) |
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Term
|
Definition
Complex Carbohydrates
Chains of Monosaccharides joined convalently:
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
Stored in Liver and Skeletal Muscles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Insoluble in polar solvants.
Hydrocarbon chains and rings |
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Term
|
Definition
Made of one alcohol molecule (glycerol) and three fatty acids.
Saturated - single convalent bonds
Unsaturated- double bonds with hydrocarbon chains |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis of triglycerides for energy.....excess is made into Ketone Bodies in the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lipids that contain a Phosophate group.
Plasma Membrane is made up of a bilayer of Phosolipids.
Phosphate portion is polar and hydrophilic.
Lipid portion is nonpolar and hydrophobic. |
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Term
|
Definition
Nonpolar and Hydrophobic.
Three 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring. |
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Term
|
Definition
Percursor to steroid hormones.
Component of cell membrane.
LDL and HDL |
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Term
|
Definition
Long chain of amino acids.
20 different amino acids.
Two types:
Essential-not produced in the body
Nonessential-Produced in the body by other amino acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Short chain of amino acids.
Amino Acids are linked by Peptide bonds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Contains Genetic Code.
Contains sugar Deoxyribose.
Nitrogen Base of:
Guanine & Adenine
Cytosine & Thymine
Controls Protein Synthesis.
Doubled Stranded (Helix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Messenger from nucleus to cytoplasm.
Contains sugar Ribose.
Nitrogen base of:
Guanine & Adenine
Cytosine & Uracil
Directs protein synthesis.
Single Standed |
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Term
|
Definition
Has all characteristics of life.
Three components:
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm and Organelles
Nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
Surrounds cell and gives it shape.
Formed by double layer of Phosolipds.
Selectively permeable
The Gate Keeper |
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Term
| Peripheral Proteins in Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
| attached to one side only |
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Term
| Integral Proteins in the Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
| across the plasma membrane from one side to the other |
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Term
| Membrane Protein Functions |
|
Definition
Transport
Ezymatic Activity
Signal transduction
Cell-to-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachement to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates attached to outside of protein in the Plasma Membrane.
Affects interaction between cells and Extra-Cellular Environment (ECE) |
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Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates and Lipids attached to outer surface of the Plasma Membrane.
Affects interaction between cells and ECE |
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Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates and Lipids attached to outer surface of the Plasma Membrane.
Affects interaction between cells and ECE |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jelly-like substance between cell membrane and nucleus; suspending medium of orangelles |
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Term
|
Definition
Network of microfilaments and microtubules providing transportation within cell.
Gives cell shape.
Railway |
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Term
|
Definition
| different structures within a cell that perform a specific function |
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Term
|
Definition
Membrane composed of two layers of phosolipids and protein molecules.
Gives cell form and controls passage in and out. |
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Term
|
Definition
Suicide Bag
Single-walled sacs of enzymes.
Digests foreign molecules and worn cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
The Power House.
Double-walled vacuoles; energy producing reactions into usable ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
Packaging System.
Flattened sacs wtih vacuoles.
Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
Protein synthesis.
Granules composed of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
|
Definition
Provides supporting framework for cells, transports material, protein and lipid synthesis.
Smooth: Protein synthesis
Rough: Steroid synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large spherical body composed of the nuclear membrane, nucleolus and chromatin (DNA) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large membrous fluid-filled sacs for storage and excretion in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
Contains Oxidative Enzymes.
In the Liver and Kidneys.
For detoxification |
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Term
|
Definition
One Gene-made up of several thousand nucleotide pairs.
Codes for one Polypeptide chain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Genetic Transcription: Synthesis of RNA
Genetic Translation: Synthesis of Protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Replicates itself so identical copies of the Daughter cells match Mother cells |
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Term
|
Definition
By:
Necrosis: pathological changes kill cell
Apoptosis: programmed cell death |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cells.
Same # of chromosomes.
Grow and repair our tissues. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
| phase between succesive divisions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Condensed chromosomes are observable.
Centioles are moving toward poles of cell.
Nuclear membrane starts to disappear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Centromeres (chromatid pairs) attach to spindle fibers.
Chromosomes move to equator.
Nuclear Membrane disappears. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Sister chromatids of each chromosome separate.
Full set (46) move toward each pole, pulled by spindle fibers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Migration to poles is complete.
Chromosomes lengthen, nuclei reconstructs, cell division occures. |
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Term
|
Definition
Daughter cells NOT genetically identical to mother cell.
Half o genetic material (single chromosomes)
In Gonads and Gametes
Sexual Reproduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Catalysts-increase rate of chemical reactions
Usually proteins.
Lowers the Activiation Energy required to start a reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Helper for enzymes
Metal Ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enzyme Helper
Derived from Vitamins.
Transports small molecules needed by enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced in inactive form to protect organ.
Activated by phosophorylation.
Inactiviated by dephosophorylation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Direction of reaction is from the side where concentration is higher to side where concentration is lower. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Substrate -> Intermediates -> Final Products |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
2. When energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Requires input of energy.
Products contain more energy than reactants.
Makes ATP. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Releases energy as they proceed.
Products contain less energy than reactants.
Breaks down ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coupling Endergonic reactions to Exergonic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
Molecule gains electrons is reduced.
Molecule loses elctrons is oxidized.
Reducing Agent donates electrons
Oxidizing Agent accepts electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Converting energy from one form to another |
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Term
|
Definition
Breaking down Glucose molecules to 2 pyruvate (no Oxygen-Anaerobic)
In Cytoplasm.
Energy released: net 2 ATP & 2 NADH
Exergonic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
NADH from Glycolysis needs to give away H's to continue.
No oxygen- H goes to pyruvate creating Lactic Acid (Anaerobic)
Oxygen present-H -> O2 forming water (Aerobic) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Storage of Glucose as Glycogen-skeletal muscles and liver |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Lactic Acid in skeletal muscles goes to Liver.
Pyruvate formed -> Glucose -> Glycogen (Cori Cycle) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
In Mitochondra netting 34-36 ATP.
Aerobic
Glycolysis -> Pyruvate -> into Mitochondra -> Acetyl CoA -> CO2 -> Lungs for secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacentric combine -> Citrus Acid -> back to Oxaloacentric.
Large amount of ATP produced. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Direct (substrate) phosphorlyation: ATP formed by broken bonds.
ATP's in Glycolysis made this way (2 net ATPs
Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP generated by Electron Transport Chain. Lots of ATP formed. |
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|
Term
| Fats and Protein as Energy |
|
Definition
Fats hydrolized to Glycerol and Fatty Acids.
Proteins -> Amino Acids deanimated for Krebs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Substrate for energy and synthetic pathways.
Linked by Fatty Acids (fatty acids + Glycerol = Triglycerides)
Adipose and Liver
Most energy stored as triglycerides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of lipids into Fatty Acids and Glycerol |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of Lipids for storage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Moves compounds down concentration gradient.
No Energy.
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Process by which moledules or ions move down from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of molecules in a given unit of volume |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Physical difference between two regions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of water from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration to obtain equalibrium. |
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Term
|
Definition
Force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis.
The more the concentration of solute, the more the osmotic pressure. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What you're trying to dissolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What you're using to dissolve solute |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Effect of a solution on the Osmotic movement of H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Same solutes.
Same osmotic pressure as water. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
High solutes.
Higher osmotic pressure than Plasma.
Water moves outside cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low solutes.
Lower osmotic pressure than Plasma.
Water moves inside cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Passive transport down concentration gradient by carrier proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Moving large molecules by Endocytosis, Exocytosis or Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell discharges vacuole-enclosed material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of body to destroy dead or foreign cells.
Macrophages done by exocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PND: Cranial and spinal nerves
Two types of cells:
Neurons
Glial Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell Body (Nervous System) |
|
Definition
Contains nucleus.
Makes Macromolcules
Processing portion:
in CNS: Nuclei
in PNS: Ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receives information.
Conducts to cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conducts away from cell body to the next Neuron or effector Organ.
Nerve impulses start at junction called Axon Hillock |
|
|
Term
| Structural Classification of Neurons |
|
Definition
Pseudounipolar-cell body sits on side (sensory)
Bipolar-Dendrite and Axon are from opposite sides (retinal)
Multipolar-many dentrites and one axon (motor) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Classification of Neurons |
|
Definition
Sensory/Afferent-impulses into CNS
Motor/Efferent-impulses out of CNS
Association/Interneurons-integrates activity of Nervous system in CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in both CNS & PNS; supporting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System.
Schwann Cells form myelin sheath around Axons.
Satellite Cells support neurons in Ganlia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oligodendrocytes: forms Myelin sheath around Axon in CNS.
Microglia: phaocytosis
Ependymal Cells: lines brain ventricles; produced in CNS.
Astrocytes: Blood-Brain Barrier; regulates ECE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in PNS each schwann cell myelinates by wrapping around axon.
Uninsulated gaps called Nodes of Ranvier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common in Glial cells.
Froms Blood-Brain Barrier.
Buffers K+ levels.
Recycles neurotransmitters.
Forms scar tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) |
|
Definition
Difference in electric charge between inside and outside of cell.
Always negatively charge.
-70mV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na+ more concentrated outside cell (positive).
K+ more concentrated inside cell (negative) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability of some cells to produce and conduct changes in Cell Membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When MP becomes more positive.
Occurs by Diffusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane Potential returns to RMP.
Occurs in Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MP becomes more negatively charged than RMP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na+ channels:
closed in RMP
Voltage Gated channels are
opened by depolarization
K+ channels
One channel always open
Voltage-Gated, closed in RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Change in the Membrane Potential that travels along the axon from cell body to synapse.
Movement of Na+ to inside cell (influx)
Movement of K+ to outside of cell (efflux) |
|
|
Term
| How Stimulus Intensity is Coded |
|
Definition
Increases stimulus intensity causes more APs to be fired.
Size of APs remains constant.
Frequency increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abosolute: cannot produce another AP because Na+ channels are inactivated.
Relative: when K+ channels are open cells needs stronger stimuli; hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| Axonal Conduction (cable properties) |
|
Definition
| Ability of axon to conduct electric current |
|
|
Term
| Conduction in unmyelinated axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction in Myelinated Axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional connection between Axon of Neuron (presynaptic) and another cell (postsynaptic). Two types: Chemical and Electrical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization flows from Presynaptic to Postsynaptic cell through channels called Gap Junctions. In: Smooth and Cardiac Muscles, Brain (rare) and Glial Cells |
|
|
Term
| Chemical Synapses (most common) |
|
Definition
Synaptic cleft separates Terminal Bouton of pre and postsynaptic cell.
NT are in Synaptic Vesicles.
Vesicles fuse with Bouton Membrane and release NT by Exocytosis.
Amount of NT released depends on Frequency of APs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by Connexin Proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opens VG Ca2 channels in Bouton.
Ca2 driven by Eletrochemical gradient: 1) triggers Exocytosis of vesicles 2) release of NT into Synaptic Clefts.
NT (ligand) diffuse across the cleft; binds to protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane.
Chemically-regulated ion channels open.
Depolarization-EPSP
Hyperpolarization-IPSP |
|
|
Term
| EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) |
|
Definition
| stimulates the postsynaptic cell to produce |
|
|
Term
| IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) |
|
Definition
| antagonizes the formation of AP in the Postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NT at all Neuromuscular Junctions.
Used in Brain and ANS.
Can be Excititory or Inhibitory based on receptor; subtype: Nicotinic and Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in brain, autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscles.
Diffusion of Na+ into and K+ out of Postsynaptic cell causing depolarization.
Produces EPSP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smooth Muscle.
Binding of one activates G-protein receptor; opens some K+ channels-hyperpolarization; closes others-depolarization.
Can be Excititory or Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
|
Definition
Cholinergic Neurons use ACh as NT.
On Skeletal Muscles called End Plates or NMJ; opens VG channels-depolarization; causes muscle contraction.
Curare blocks ACh at NMJ |
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Term
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Definition
Includes Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine.
Serotonin from Tryptophan.
Norepinephrine and Dopamine from Tyrosine called CATECHOLAMINES.
After released are mostly inactivated by:
Presynaptic Reuptake.
Breakdown by: Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Caltecco Methyltransferase (COMT).
Antidepressants. |
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Term
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Definition
Mood, Behavior, Appetite and Cerebral circulation.
SSRI-serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor) |
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Definition
Motor Control and Emotional Reward.
Parkinsons, Addiction and Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Used in PNS and CNS.
In PNS-Sympathetic NT.
In CNS-affects general level of arousal such as Amphetamines. |
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Definition
Gluaic acid and Aspartic acid are major CNS excitatory NTs.
Glycine is inhibitory NT: opens CI-channels causing hyperpolarization; strychnine blocks
Glycine receptors.
GABA-most common in brain; Inhibitory - opens CI- channels |
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Term
| Polypeptide NTs (Neuropeptides) |
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Definition
Many are Neuromodulators- learning and Neural plasticity.
Neuropeptide Y is the most common: Appetite Stimulator.
Endocannabinoids: like THC; only lipid NT; Analgesic Effect.
Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide: Gas NT; Nitric Oxide causes smooth muscle relaxation.
Cholestokinin-Satiety.
Endorphins-Exercise enduced Euphoria; blocked by Naloxome-an opiate antagonist |
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Term
| EPSPs (differences from AP) |
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Definition
Graded in Magnitude.
Have no threshold.
Causes depolarization.
Summate.
Have no Refractory period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes place when EPSPs from different synapes occur in postsynaptic cell at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
Successive release of NTs from presynaptic Axon terminal causes summation of EPSPs in postsynaptic Neuron.
Depends of the Requency of APs. |
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Term
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Definition
Repeated use of a synapse can increase od decrease its strength of transmission: a) Sympathetic Facilitation b) Sympathetic Depression.
High Frequency Stimulation enhances excitability.
Long term potential-Learning and Memory |
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Term
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Definition
Postsynaptic Inhibition: GABA and Glycine produces IPSP; Antagonizes EPSPs making it harder to reach threshold.
Presynaptic inhibition: amount of NT at synapse decreases; one neuron synapes onto axon or boulton of another neuron inhibiting release of NT. |
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Term
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Definition
Collection of Neuron Body cells in CNS.
"Center" |
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Term
| Ganglion (Nervous System) |
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Definition
| Collection of Neuron Cell bodies in PNS |
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Term
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Definition
Bundle of Axons in CNS.
Large tract is called column. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Controls all body activities by RECEIVING sensory information |
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Definition
| DIRECTS 9sends out) activity of the body |
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Term
| Association Neurons (CNS) |
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Definition
| Integrates sensory and motor activity; Only in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of Neuron Bodies and Dendrites.
Processing. |
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Definition
Consists of Axon tracts.
Myelin
Carries information |
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Term
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Definition
Largest part of brain.
Two Hemisphere.
Higher Mental Functions.
Five lobes:
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula |
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Definition
Outer layer of Cerebrum.
Gray Matter.
Gyrus and Sulcus. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Measures Electrical activity of cerbral cortex.
Diagnoses Epilepsy and Brain Death |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| examines Brain Metabolism and Blood Flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha, Beta, Theta, Delta |
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Definition
Records from Parietal and Occipital lobes.
Awake, relaxed, eyes closed. |
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Definition
Strongest in Frontal lobe.
Visually stimulated and mental activity. |
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Definition
From Temporal and Occipital lobes.
During sleep.
In adults indicates severe Emotional Stress. |
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Definition
From Cerbral Cortex.
Adult asleep; awake infants.
In awake adults indicates brain damage. |
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Definition
Distinct masses of Cell Bodies deep inside cerebrum.
Control of VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT. |
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Term
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Definition
Language.
Analytical Abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
Visuospatial Tasks.
Can recognize things but not describe them. |
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Definition
Necessary for articulation of speech.
Patient can understand but not repeat.
Speech is slow. |
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Definition
Language Comprehension: can't understand spoken or written language.
WORD SALAD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Critical for acquiring new memories and consolidating short into long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of Limbic System.
Crucial for fear memories. |
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Term
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Definition
STORAGE of memory is in the Cerebral Hemispheres.
Higher order processing and planning occure in Prefrontal Cortex. |
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Term
| Neurogenesis in Hippocampus |
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Definition
Crucial for Learning and Memory.
Contains Neural Stem Cells that continually produce new Neurons.
Stress and Depression cause Hippocampus to shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of forebrain.
Two parts:
Thalamus and Epithalamus; Hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Relay Center through which all sensory information (except olfactory) passes to cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
Contains Choroid Plexus which creates CSF.
Also contains Pineal Gland which produces Melatonin for our sleep cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
Link between Nervous and Endocrine System.
MOST IMPORTANT structure for Homeostasis.
Hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, pleasure, hormone from Anterior Pituitary, Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior and Posterior lobes.
Posterior stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin.
Hypothalamus controls Anterior Pituitary |
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Definition
Body's Daily Rhythms.
Regulated by SCN of Hypothalamus.
Master Clock.
Adjusted by light.
Controls Pineal Gland. |
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Term
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Definition
RELAY CENTER for motor and sensory pathways.
Control of skeletal muscles and movement.
Contains: a) Superior Colliculi-visual b) Ingerior Colliculi-auditory.
Below the Hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
COORDINATION OF MOVEMENTS and Motor Learning.
Pons.
Cerebellum.
Medulla Oblongata. |
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Definition
| Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centers for regulation of respiration |
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Definition
| Coordination of movements |
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Term
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Definition
Three Vital Centers:
Respiratory, Cardiac, Vasomotor |
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Term
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Definition
Gray Matter-Neuron cell Bodies; H-shaped; Anterior and Posterior Horns.
White Matter-Axons. Ascending and Descending tracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory to opposite side of body |
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Term
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Definition
Motor.
Two Groups:
Pyrmidal or Corticospinal for FINE motor skills.
Extrapyrmidal which influences movement indirectly. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
Nerves-exit brain and spinal cord.
Ganglia (group of cell bodies in PNS) |
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Definition
12 pairs.
Exit Brain.
Most Mixed Nerves. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Chewing.
Face and Mouth touch and pain. |
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Definition
Controls most facial expressions.
Secretion of saliva and tears.
Taste. |
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Definition
Senses aortic blood pressure.
Slows heart rate.
Stimulates digestive organs.
Taste. |
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Term
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Definition
All Mixed Nerves into spinal cord.
Dorsal/Posterior root-Sensory.
Ventral/Anterior root-Motor |
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Term
| Breakdown of Spinal Nerves |
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Definition
8 Cervical.
12 Thoracic.
5 Lumbar.
5 Sacral.
1 Coccygeal. |
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Term
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Definition
Simple sensory input, motor output circuit.
Not involving the brain. |
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Term
| The Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Controls organs not under voluntary control. Manages: Cardiac, Smooth, Glands. Many smooth muscles are under intrinsic control without ANS input. ANS effect is to increase or decrease the intrinsic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two Neurons in Efferent (motor) Pathways: 1) Preganglionic-cell body in CNS 2) Postganglionic-cell body in Autonomic Ganglion. Postganglionic Axon extends from Autonomic Ganglion to Target Tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Usually antagonistic. They coordinate physiology according to the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Fight or Flight, Stress reactions" AKA Thoracolumbar Division. Preganlionic exits spinal cord from T1 to L2. Synapes with postganglionic neurons in paravertebral ganglion which forms chain of interconnecting ganglia parallel to spinal cord. Characterized by Divergence and Convergence. This causes the Sympathic division to act as one unit (Mass Activation) |
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Definition
| Works with Sympathetic Division. Adrenal Medulla; Secretory cells appear to be modified Postganglionic Neurons. RELEASES 85% Epinepherine and 15% norepherine. Stimulated by Mass Activiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Rest and Digest" AKA Craniosacral Division-long preganglionic fibers originate in Midbrain, Medulla Oblangata, Pons and S3 - S4. Synapse in Termianl Ganglica is next to or within Target Organ. Postganglionic have short axons. Long Vaguys Nerve (X Cranial) mostly parasympathetic fibers; innervates heart, lungs, esophogus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, upper half large intestine. Preganglionic fibers (S2 - S4) innvervate lower half of large intestines, rectum, urinary and reproductive |
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Term
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Definition
| released in both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic preganglions->releases ACh @ all NMJ. Parasympathetic postganglions also release ACh called Cholinergic synapses. Most Sympathetic Postganglions release Norephinepherine called Adrenergic |
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Term
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Definition
| ACh is used at: all motor synapses on skeletal muscles; all preganglionics; parasympathetic postganglionics. Two types of receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic |
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Term
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Definition
| causes both Excitation and Inhibition |
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Term
| Organs with Dual Innervation |
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Definition
| Organs supplied by both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Effects are Anatagonistic, Complimentary and Cooperative. |
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Term
| Organs without Dual Innervation |
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Definition
| Only Sympathetic Innervation: Adrenal medulla, Arrector Pili Muscle, Sweat Glands and most blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most directly controls activity of ANS. Center for control of Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Urinary, Reproductive and Digestive |
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Term
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Definition
| center for control of body temp, hunger and thirst. Can also regulate medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for Visceral Responses that effect Emotional state. Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum also influence ANS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three layers: 1) Sclera-Cornea 2) Choroid 3) Retina. Also: Iris, Lens, Ciliary Muscles, Optic Nerve. Anterior-Watery fluid (Aquenus Humor) Posterior-Jelly-kije (Vitreous Humor) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Outer white fibrous tissue. Cornea: Anterior part; clear and transparent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoreceptors: Cones and Rods. Optic Disc: axons of retinal neurons gather and then exit optic nerve. Light Receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
Gives color and controls amount of light; pigmented muscle tissue. Pupil: opening in the middle of Iris.
Two muscles: 1) Circular (parasympathetic) constricts 2) Radial (Sympathetic)dialates |
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Term
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Definition
| the focus image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carries visual impulses to brain. Axons of retinal neurons exit eye at optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cornea -> Anterior chamber -> Pupil -> Lens -> Vitreous Humor -> Retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of eyes to keep image focused on retina as the distance between eyes and object varies. Results in contraction of ciliary muscles: > 20 feet causes ciliary relaxation, lens flat, least convex; < 20 feet ciliary muscles contract, reducing tension, more convex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearsighted. Correctd with concave lense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farsighted. Corrected with convex lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to focus images. Corrected by Cylindrical lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of accomadation (aging usually) Corrected with convex lens-reading glasses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to bones at Origin (fixed point) and Insertion (movable point). When muscle contracts it becomes shorter and pulls on tendon to move bone at joint. Groups: Flexors decrease angle and Extensors increase angle. Antagonistic: 2 muscles-opposite actions. |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle Structure |
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Definition
| Three layers of connective tissue: 1) Epimysium-surrounds whole muscle; continuous with tendon 2) Permysium-surrounds bundles (fascicles) of muscle fibers 3) Endomysium-covers indiviual muscles fibers. Epi and Permysium contain blood vessels and nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle fibers are muscle cells. Multinucleated. Plasma Membrane called Sarcolemma. Cytoplasm called Sarcoplam. ER is called Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. Rich in Mitochondria. Skeletal muscles are striated. |
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Term
| Structure of Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
| Each fiber is packed with myofibrils. Myofibrils extend length of fiber. Myofibrils packed with myofilamints (thick are Myosin and thin are Actin). Gives rise to bands that cause striations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Bands are dark bands with myosin and actin. H zone is the light area at center of A Band where myosin and actin don't overlap. I Bands are light bands with actin only; Z line/disc is at the center of the I Bands where actin attaches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark bands with light area in the middle called H zone. Contains Myosin and Actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light area at center of A Band. Area where Actin and myosin don't overlap. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light and contains only Actin |
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Term
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Definition
| Center of I Band where Actin attaches |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile (functional) unites of skeletal muscles between two Z lines. M lines: structural proteins that anchor myosin during contraction. Titan: elastic protein attaching myosin to Z disc that contributes to elastic recoil of muscle. |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
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Definition
| Where Nervous System meets muscle. Neuromuscular Junction: where branch of Axon meets Sarcolemma of muscle fiber. Motor End Plate: place on sarcolemma where NJ occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
Formed of a Motor Neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.
When motor neuron is activated ALL muscle fibers in its Motor Unit contract. Fine control occurs when motor units are small. Recruitment |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain estimates # of motor units required and stimulates them to contract. Continues till desired movement accomplished in smooth fashion. More and larger motor unites to produce greater strength. |
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Term
| Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction |
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Definition
| Muscles contract when Thin Filaments slide over and between Thick Filaments towards center. Leads to shortening of sarcomeres (distnace from Z to Z). I bands (thin filaments) and H bands (thick filaments) become shorter. Length of each filament stays the same. A Band stays the same. |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Definition
| Release of ACh and NMJ causes large depolarizing end-plate and APs in muscle fibers. Ca++ channels in SR mechanically linked to T Tubules. APs in T Tubules cause release of Ca++ from cisternae via VG Ca++ release channels. CALLED Electromechanical Release. |
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Term
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Definition
| When APs cease, muscle relaxes. Cause: Ca++ channels close; Ca++ pumped back into SR. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single, rapid contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| If 2nd stimulus occurs before muscle relaxes from 1st stimulus, 2nd twitch will be greater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractions of varying strengths. Obtained by stimulation of varying numbers of fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete Tetanus: If muscle is stimulated by an increasing frequency of electrical shocks, its tension will increase to a maximum. Complete Tetanus: If frequency is so fast NO RELAXATION occures and a smooth sustained contraction occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces remain constant throughout shortening process |
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Term
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Definition
| Exerted force does not cause load to move and length of fibers remain constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle becomes larger. Load is greater than exerted force. Fibers lengthen. |
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Term
| Length-Tension Relationship |
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Definition
| Strength of muscle contraction influenced by: Frequency of stimulation; Thickness of each muscle fiber; Initial length of muscle fiber. The longer the initial length , the stronger the contraction. |
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Term
| Metabolism of Skeletal Muscles |
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Definition
| Skeletal Muscles respire Anaerobically the 1st 45 - 90 seconds; the Cardiopulmonary system requires this time to increase o2 for exercising muscles. Aerobic Exercise contributes the majority of muscle requirements after 2 minutes. More ATP's and CO2 AND H2O end product. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic Capacity determined by age, gender and size. Lactate (Anaerobic) Threshold: significant rise in blood lactate levels; healthy individuals this is at 50 - 70% of Max Oxygen uptake. |
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Term
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Definition
| When exercise stops, rate of oxygen uptake does not return immediately to pre exercise levels. Oxygen is drawn from Hemoglobin and Myoglobin during exercise because ox is needed for metabolism of Lactic Acid produced by Anaerobic Respiration-Cori Cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow-Twitch (slow fatigue) Type I fibers; Fast-Twitch (fast fatigue) Type IIA and IIX fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Red Slow Oxidative (Aerobic Respiration) Has Mitochondria and Aerobic enzymes. Lots of myoglobin (O2 storage molecule). Gives fibers red color. Small motor neurons with small motor units. Rich Capillary supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type IIX: AKA White Fast Glycolyte; Anaerobic Repiration. Large stores of glyogen, few capillaries and few mitochondria, little myoglobin. Type IIA: AKA White Fast Oxidative. Contracts fast using Aerobic Metabolism. Intermediate to Type I and IIX. Large motor neurons with large motor units |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustained muscle contraction is due to accumulation of extracellular K+ |
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Term
| Neural Control of Skeletal Muscles |
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Definition
| Lower Motor Neurons: motor neuon cells bodies are in Ventral Horn of spinal cord; axons leave in Ventral Root. Activity influenced by sensory feedback from muscles and tendons. Facilitory and Inhibitory activity from Upper Motor Neurons. |
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Term
| Monosynaptic-Stretch Reflex |
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Definition
| consists of only one synapse within CNS ex. knee-jerk reflex |
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Term
| Golgi Tendon Organ Reflex |
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Definition
Disynaptic Reflex: 2 synapses in CNS. Sensory axons from Golgi tendon organ synapse with interneurons (in CNS only)
Prevents excessive muscle contractions or excessive passive muscle stretching |
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Term
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Definition
| Double Reciprocal Innervation. Affecting muscles on contralateral side of spinal cord. |
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Term
| Upper Motor Neuron Control of Skeletal Muscles |
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Definition
| Influences lower motor neurons. Axons of neurons in Precentral Gyrus form Pyramidal Tracts. Extrapymidal Tracts arise from neurons in other areas of the brain. Cerebellum-all oupute aids Motor Coordination. Baseal Ganlia (nuclei) exerts inhibitory effects on activity of Lower Motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stiated and involuntary. Myocaridal cells joine by intercalated discs allowing APs to spread throughout cardiac muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| No sarcomeres. Gap Junctions. 16 x more actin than myosin allowing greater stretching and contracting. Actin filaments are anchored to dense bodies. |
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