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The study of the interactions of organisms with their physical and biological environment.
the distribution and abundance of organisms |
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| 1662- formalized the study of demography and recognized that human populations were limited |
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| 1798- proposed that human population grows exponentially while food and other sources grow at a slower pace |
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defines the physical environment for marine biology
Current systems affect the distribution of species |
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| focuses on what governs the dynamics of a population of a single species |
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| studies the interactions between populations; predation and competition etc. |
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| attempt to understand the adaptive significance of behavioral characteristics |
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| Early "Ethological" Studies |
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Ethologists mainly focused on "what" questions based toward behavioral characteristics
Know: Niko Tinbergen, Karl von Frisch, and Konrad Lorenz |
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animal recognizing the first moving creature it sees as its parent.
Discover by Konrad Lorenz |
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| Proximate (How) Questions |
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-What is the mechanistic basis for behavior?
-How does development affect behavior?
(Tinbergen) |
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-What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?
-How does the behavior contribute to survival and reproduction?
(Tinbergen) |
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| niche potentially occupied by a species |
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| the nice a species actually occupies in a particular environment |
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| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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| strong competition that can lead to the elimination of one of the two competing species. two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist in the same place |
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| the average number of offspring that will be produced by an individual of a given age |
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| Density Independent Population |
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| birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density |
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| Density Dependent Population |
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| a death rate that rises as density increases or the decrease in birth rate with the increase in density |
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| the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size |
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| Density-Dependent Population Factors |
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| Competition for resources/ territoriality/ health/ predation/ toxic wastes/ intrinsic factors |
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| Fill in a Symbiotic Relations Chart |
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| Fill in symbiotic relations chart |
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| camouflage that makes prey difficult to spot |
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| animals with effective chemical defenses that often exhibit a bright warning coloration know as... |
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| harmless species mimics a harmful species in appearance |
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| two or more unpalatable species, such as the cuckoo bee and yellow jacket |
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| the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community |
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| the total number f different species in the community |
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| the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community |
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| the feeding relationships between organisms within a community |
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| species generally introduced by humans that can become dominant in new environments due to a lack of predators and pathogens |
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| species that exert a strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological roles, or niches |
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| exert influence by causing physical change in their environment |
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| foundation species that have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species due to the changes they have made on the physical environment |
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| V->H linkage. Postulates a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels |
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| Proposes that mainly predation that controls community organization because predators limit herbivores. V<-H. These effects occur in a +/- relationship. |
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| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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| can foster greater species diversity by opening up habitats for occupation by less competitive species, yet not creating conditions so severe that they exceed the environmental tolerances or rate of revocery by potential community members |
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| Know each of the Island Equilibrium Models |
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| organism with a disproportional effect on environment |
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| the formation of organic matter from inorganic matter (self-feeding) |
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| the formation of biomass from preformed organic matter (herbivores) |
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| the total quantity of energy trapped by primary producers and converted to biomass |
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| the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time |
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| localized variation in environmental conditions within an ecosystem, arranged spatially into a complex of discrete areas that may be characterized by distinctive groups of species or ecosystem processes |
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| Temperature/ Water/ Sunlight/ Wind/ Rocks and Soil/ Climate/ global climate patterns/ regional, local, and seasonal effects on climate/ bodies of water/Mountains/ seasonality |
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| questions about behavior that focus on the envirnmental stimuli, if any,m |
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| magnification occurs because the biomass at any given trophic level is produced from a much larger biomass ingest from the level below |
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| Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest |
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| terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass beacause they are held in check by a variety of factors, including predators, parasites, and disease |
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| the dry weight of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat |
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| the dry weight of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat |
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| a process by which nutrients particularly phosphorous and nitrogen, become highl concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae |
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| a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus |
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| a more or less automatic oriencted movement toward (a positive taxis) or away from (a negative taxis) some stimulus |
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| (relatedness)(benefit)> cost to the altruist |
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| the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring |
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| repeated production annually |
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| Change in Population Size During Time Interval= |
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| annual per capita birth rate (b) * (N) number of population |
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| Per Capita Rate of Increase (r) |
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| r=(per capita birth rate)b-(per capita death rate)m |
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| Exponential Population Growth= |
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