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| Quandary of explaining nonmaterial mind controlling material body |
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ARISTOTLE
Persons psyche is responsible for behavior |
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| descartes (mind body problem) A philosophical position that behavior is controlled by two entities, mind and body |
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| philisophical postion that holds that behavior can be explained by the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind |
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| 3 major arteries to the brain |
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| anterior cerebral, posterior cerebral and middle cerebral anterior provides blood to the ventral aspect, middle provides to lateral aspects and posterior provides blood to the caudle aspect (occipital region) |
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| major structure of the forbrain, consisting of two virtually identical hemispheres |
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| 80% atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, blockage of blood |
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| ruptured aneurism, intracerebral hemmorage |
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| tissue plasminogin activator |
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| Treatment of ischemic stroke by breaking up blood clots and returning normal blood flow to region affected by blockage. |
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refers to section btw the brain, contains hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus
Temp regulation, sexual behavior and eating |
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| pons, medulla, reticular formation and cerebellum |
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| midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed, producing netlike appearance associated with sleep wake behavior and arrousal |
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| part of tectum, part of midbrain, recieves visual imput and produces/orients mvmt. |
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| part of tectum, part of midbrain, recieves auditory imput. |
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| diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temp regulation eating and sexual behavior |
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| diencephalon structure through which info from all sensory systems are integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex ( - olfaction) |
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| Cerebral Cortex / neocortex |
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| 6 layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter.. create and respond to visual world. regulates host of mental activities ranging from perception to planning |
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| area in forbrain that controls voluntary movement |
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| cytoarchetectural map and cell layers |
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| map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of cells |
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| Layer 4 is input layer. layers 1-3 are for processing. areas 5-6 are for output layers |
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| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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| Ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendroglial cells, schwann cells |
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| secrete CSF via the Choroid Plexus. |
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| Nutrition and supportive fxn. |
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| Glioma (50%), Meningioma, Metastatic tumor |
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| Glioma (50%), Meningioma, Metastatic tumor |
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| after axon degrades, schwann cells first shrink and then proliferate mapping out the old path of neuron. budding axons growth cone is guided by train of schwann cells present from old axon. |
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| Glial cells do not support regeneration and often times inhibit growth. |
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| two depolarizing inputs of stimulus separated in time |
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| two inputs of stim that are at the same time and are simultanious and are shown as one large epsp |
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| Frog heart in salt bath. concluded that chemical was passed through solution to other heart with slow down signal. identified this chem as Ach |
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| stages of synaptic transmission |
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Definition
| NT synthesis, release, receptor action, inactivation |
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| diffusion, degradation by enzymes in the cleft, reuptake, taken up by neighboring glial cells |
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| Synaptic transmission effects on different parts of neuron. Soma VS axon/terminal |
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Definition
| soma = inhibitory, axon/dendrites = excitatory |
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the chemical must be synthesized or otherwise present in the neuron.
when neuron is active, the chem must be released and produce a response in some target.
the same response must be replicable when chem is experimentally placed on target
A mech must exist for removing the chem from its site of action when work is done. |
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| types of small molecule NT's |
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| Ach, Dopamine, Norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin |
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| Dopamine, norepi, epi, serotonin |
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| Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Histamine |
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| Dopamine and Epi synthesis |
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Definition
| Synthesized from Tyrosine.. enzymes in each step |
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| an enzyme that is present in limited ammts. tyrosine hydroxylase is rate limiting factor for epi and norepi |
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| AA sequences of varying length conected by peptide bonds. slow compared to sm. mol. NT's |
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NO. CO.
Only removed by diffusion and uptake into pre/post synaptic cells, and glial cells. |
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| ionotropic receptors allow the passage of ions upon binding of NT to receptor by causing a direct conformational change in channel. |
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| G protien coupled receptor, leads to second messenger enzymes and proteins that ultimately open channels or affect cell metabolism |
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| Location of NT systems TYPES |
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| cholinergic (Ach), Dopaminergic (Da), Noradrenergic (norepinephrine), Serotonergic (serotonin) |
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| Cholinergic system Location |
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| Midbrain nuclei, basal nuclei and forbrain nuclei |
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| Dopaminergic system location |
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| Caudate nucleus, substantia nigra |
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| Noradrenergic system location |
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| Serotonergic system location |
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| characteristics of Blood Brain barrier |
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| Astrocyte feet make endothelium less leaky, making it harder for material to move in and out, form multiple tight jxns. |
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| regions in brain that lack BBB |
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Definition
| pituitary, Area Postrema, Pineal Gland |
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steroid hormones/peptide hormones..
Homeostatic hormones, Gonadal hormones, glucocorticoids |
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| mineralocorticoids -- aldosterone |
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| fight of flight, cortisol |
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| orginizational hypothesis |
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actions of hormones during development alter tissue differentiation
ex. testosterone during development masculinizes brain |
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| 6 effects of stress response on bodily systems |
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| mobilize energy, use up proteins resulting in wasting and fatigue, GH inhibited, GI shuts down, Repro system functions are inhibited, Immune system suppression. |
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| located in limbic system, fires high frequency AP's when facing a specific direction |
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| Electroencephalogram- shows graded potentials of many neurons. gathered from outside skull |
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| EEG frequency when at rest w/ no stim, eyes closed, 11 cycles / second GENERATED IN VISUAL CORTEX |
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Event Related Potentials. Brief changes in EEG signal in response to a discree sense of stim. NONINVASIVE, INEXPENSIVE.
Used to map brain fxn. need many trials to avg. |
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| Using research techniques to study the neural basis of cognition. |
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| Clinical observation and analysis of the behavioral symptoms of people with , ususally one, brain lesion |
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MagnetoEncephaloGram
measures tiny changes in mag field of the brain |
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| TransCranialStimulation. Inhibits fxn of brain matter adjacent to magnet. |
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| Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex, caused by mutation on chromosome 4 |
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| Result of an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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| genes from 2 diff animals |
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| Self Renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to any of the different types of neurons or glial cells in the CNS |
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| Lining of the neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults |
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| Precoursor cells derived from stem cell, migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell |
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| a chem compound that acts to support growth and differentiation of developing neurons and may act to keep certain neurons alive into adulthood |
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| Largely complete by 20 weeks. Much more prone to damage after this point b/c of decreased ability to cope w/ injury after 20 weeks |
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Neurons migrate along radial guide cells
map for the cortex is located in the ventricular zone
from the protomap in the ventricular zone to the cortical surface. |
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| rigid, jerky movements.. most commonly caused by birth injury such as anoxia from placental defect |
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| number of synapses in the CNS |
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| hypothesis that the process of cell death are like natural selection, fighting over nutrients and metabolic resources in a neural event |
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| amount of pruning in CNS approaching adulthood |
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discovery was significant b/c it initiated the idea that the right and left hemespheres of the cortex had diff fxn.
Btw. 15 and 24 mos, brocas area goes through an immense increase in density of axons and dendrites.
major change that takes place is btw. 2 and 12 years when the interconnections of neurons and myelination of the speech zones take place. |
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| myelination at different stages of life. |
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| earliest parts in CNS to be myelinated are areas that focus on simple movement and sensory analysis, later in life, higher level of processing areas of the brain are myelinated |
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| sporadic period of sudden growth that lasts for a finite amount of time. |
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| times that growth spurts occur |
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3-10 mos. (30% increase in brain weight)
2-4 yrs, 6-8, 10-12, 14-16+
increase in brain weight by 5-10% in each 2 year span.
weight gain due to growth of glial cells and synapses not growth of neurons |
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third eye grafted into frog head,
forms connections with one optic tectum
B/C the connections of the third eye are shared with another eye, the tracts must compete for synaptic space leading to formation of altering bands of connections. |
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| a time span during which brain development is most sensitive to a specific experience. |
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| a crucial period during which an animal learns to restrict its social preferences to a specific class of objects, usually the members of its species. |
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| cut all birth control and abortion leading to huge surge in fostered kids, no stim, malnurishment etc. once adopted the sucess rate of the kids depended heavily on the age at which they were adopted. |
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poor distinction btw. grey and white matter
Good contrast btw brain and CSF |
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| good spatial resolution, poor temporal, good distinction btw grey and white matter. |
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| dvlpmt of part of the brain in an abnormal location |
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| anterograde vs. retrograde labeling |
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anterograde = cell body to axon/terminal
retrograde = axon/terminal to cell body |
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| diffusion tensor imaging. measure direction of water flow (axon direction) |
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| Stereotactic surgery/experimentation |
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Definition
| Rat, drill hole, locate axis, place electrode, study single unit recording |
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| disadvantages to single unit recording |
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| cant study higher processing, hard to extrapolate info from individual neuron to activity of a group. |
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