Term
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Definition
| cognitive disorder with severe symptoms including greatly impaired social interaction, a bizarre and narrow range of interests, marked abnormalities in language and communication, and fixed repetitive movements. |
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Definition
cartoon drawing of body parts representing the M1
disproportionate relative size of body parts. larger parts of M1 regulate hands, fingers, lips, and tongue giving us precise motor control over these body parts. |
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Definition
bundle of nn fibers conecting the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
branches at the brainstem into an opposite side lateral tract and a same side ventral tract |
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Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract. |
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Definition
| synapses w/ interneurons and motor neurons in the spinal cord that affect the limbs CROSSES MIDLINE |
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Term
| ventral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| synapses with interneurons in the spinal cord that eventually innervate mm of the trunk. ipsilateral to the sending side. DONT CROSS MIDLINE. |
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Definition
| motor planning. includes SMA and lateral premotor cortex, and mirror neurons. |
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Definition
plans complex behavior
get up at certain hour to arrive at work on time.
doesnt specify the precise movements to be made. |
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Definition
Primary motor cortex. responsible for executing skilled movements.
Picking up a penny vs. squeezing a ball |
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| lesion to premotor cortex |
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Definition
| monkey doesnt hold hand under table to catch food. (failure to organize movements) |
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| lesion to primary motor cortex |
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Definition
| trouble shaping fingers when grasping different objects. |
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Definition
| allow a subject to make, observe, and represent movement sequences. |
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Term
| flow of info through motor cortex starting in prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| after the prefrontal cortex has formulated a plan of action, it instructs the premotor cortex to organize appropriate sequence of behaviors, and the movements themselves are executed by the primary motor cortex |
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| responsibility of the brainstem |
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Definition
| species specific behaviors. hissing of a cat or breaching of a whale. |
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Definition
| group of brain disorders that result from brain damage aquired perinatally. a disorder primarily affecting the motor function by affecting regions of the brainstem that organize movement sequences. |
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Term
| what happens to M1 homunculus when there is an "experience" |
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Definition
cortical damage in monkeys on a region of brain responsible for digit and hand area resulted in the subjects using the affected hand much less, relying mainly on the good hand.
demonstrates the plasticity in M1 to recover from brain injury. most likely enabled by the formation of new connections among different parts of the homunculus in the motor cortex. |
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Term
| how/why the motor cortex increases the force of a movement |
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Definition
higher frequency of APs. specific for direction and distance of movements.
monkeys had neurons firing in their wrists even before they started to flex it. motor cortex plans AND initiates mvmt. |
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Term
| basal ganglia recieves inputs from.... |
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Definition
2 main sources.
1. all areas of the neocortex and limbic cortex, including the motor cortex.
2. substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
supplementary motor cortex. part of premotor cortex.
more involvd in internally generated motor plans, implementing motor mems. |
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Definition
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| speculative roles of mirror neurons |
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Definition
emotional empathy
understanding other peoples minds
possible impairment of motor neuron system in autism |
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Term
| parietal lobe motor contributions |
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Definition
acquiring and storing motor memories
spatial processing roles
(is the inverse or mirror of the frontal lobe) |
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Definition
acquired loss of skilled, purposeful, complex movement.
any lesion that will cause apraxia will usually pair with language disability because it usually affects the left lobe.
usually left hemisphere damage. |
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Definition
| damage to premotor cortex. lose ability to implement motor memories |
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Definition
| damage to parietal lobe. lose motor memories. |
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Definition
| cant move eyes to look at something |
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Definition
| can see object but cant reach out to grab it. |
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Definition
paralysis on one half of the patients body
possibly caused by lesion in M1 |
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Term
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Definition
a collection of nuclei that lie within the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex. it consists of three primary structures.
caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. |
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Term
| basal ganglia is functionally related to |
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Definition
3 areas
putamen, golbus pallidus, caudate nucleus.
and closely associated with
subthalmic nucleus, substantia nigra. |
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Term
| modulatory roles of the Basal ganglia |
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Definition
initiating and inhibiting movements.
deciding which to start and stop.
sends tonic inhibition as a primary response to the cortex.
important in switching behaviors
e.g running to walking |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of DA cells in the SN
Humans can compensate for up to 90 % los of DA pathway
Demensia in late stages of Parkinsons. frontal/executive problems |
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Term
| Positive symptoms of Parkinsons |
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Definition
resting tremor
rigidity - cogwheeling = agonist and antagonist activate simultaniously |
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Term
| negative symptoms of parkinsons |
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Definition
| bradykinetic, hypokinesia, flat facial affect, unable to vary force used in producing movement. |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of basal ganglia
inherited by a dominant gene
symptoms begin in 30's to 40's
eventually causes dementia and emotional problems plus frontal lobe/executive problems. |
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Definition
hyperkinesia
chorea
athetosis
dystonia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
70-75 % of all neurons in the brain
very regular circuitry
very fast conduction
posess homunculus |
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Definition
often consequence of alcoholism, stroke
problems in coordination
problem completing actions
causes
hypermetria/dysmetria
oscillations rather than smooth movement = action tremmor |
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Term
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Definition
missed target oscillating process.
lady trying to grab cell phone. |
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| consequences of cerebellar damage |
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Definition
all symptoms simalar to those found in frontal lobe damage.
executive fxning
spatial cognition
personality change
language impairment |
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Definition
| cell in LGN with specificity to non moving cells with a certain orientation |
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Definition
| cell in LGN that has specificity to movement of things left to right visa versa or up down |
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Definition
| cortical organization of visual cortex that represents a fxnal unit six layers deep, and that is perpendicular to the cortical surface. |
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Definition
| region in visual cortex that contains color sensitive neurons. responsible for color perception |
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Definition
| space btw. blobs, responsible for form and motion perception |
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Term
| medial portion of the cerebellum controlls... |
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Definition
face and midline of the body.
damage to the medial cerebellum will cause disruption in balance, eye movement, posture and walking. |
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Term
| lateral cerebellum controls |
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Definition
associated with movements of the limbs, hands, feet and digits.
damage will disrupt arm, hand, and finger movements much more than movemtnes of the body trunk. |
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Term
| 2 main theories on the cerebellum |
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Definition
cerebellum plays a role in the timing of movements.
maintains movement accuracy |
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Term
| ventral processing stream |
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Definition
What system.
from occipital to temporal lobes
object identification and knowledge
parvocellular layers of LGN
trends in cell sensitivity, receptive fields down what pathway increase complexity of stimuli, increase in receptive field size, always includes fovea, often sensitive to color. |
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Definition
where system
from occipital to parietal lobes.
spatial information |
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Term
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Definition
| V2, V3. involved in both dorsal and ventral stream |
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Term
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Definition
specific to "what" pathway
sends info to IT (inferior temporal cortex)
color perception
complex form perception (swirls/spirals) |
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Term
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Definition
cortical color blindness aka achromatopsia
the colorblind painter. (wouldn't eat blah blah) |
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Definition
| lesion to V4, does not take place in eyes. this is in contrast to color deficiency aka cortical color blindness |
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Definition
| particular for one form of knowlege. can recognize a table |
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Term
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Definition
infratemporal cortex.
recognizes hands, body parts, faces
organized in columns for diff orientation of much more complex forms |
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Definition
| specific part of IT in ventral visual stream responsible for recognition and perception of faces. |
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Term
| agnosia and its variations/kinds |
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Definition
loss of the ability to perform visual identification with retention of basic visual abilities (color, movement, shape, perception)
types:
pure alexia
object agnosia
prosopagnosia
landmark agnosia |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to read and recognize written language |
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Term
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Definition
| lose the ability to recognize specific types of objects (fruits, tools etc.) |
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Definition
| inability to recognize faces sometimes including your own. |
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Definition
| inability to recognize area landmarks |
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Term
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Definition
Where pathway
Magnocellular layers of LGN
V5/MT
Not sensitive to form or color
not sensitive to items in central vision
large receptive fields, all of contralateral and part of ipsilateral space. (mainly responsible for peripheral vision)
sensitive to direction of motion (velocity, walking speed) |
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Term
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Definition
Part of dorsal stream in visual pathway
role is motion perception |
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Term
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Definition
motion blindness or akinematopsia
like strobe light
cant pour tea cuz it looks like a solid |
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Term
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Definition
Superior temporal sulcus
role is complex motion perception, particularly biological motion |
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Term
| Lesion to superior temporal sulcus |
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Definition
| selective akinematopsia for biological motion. |
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Term
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Definition
located in the parietal lobe they can process a number of different processes at once.
makes vision and touch come together. |
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Term
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Definition
aka neglect syndrome
right field of vision is there but left side awareness is completely gone
due to R parietal damage.
denial of disability- anosagnosia
not due to loss of mem.
house drawing will only draw right side of house
Takes place in V5/MT parietal lobe
usually gets better w/ time |
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Term
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Definition
| incoordinated mm movements, unable to find hammer with left hand but not right . Inacurate reaching for objects in space |
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Definition
| group of visual symptoms with simultanious loss of optic ataxia and saccade (following) accompanied by a nystagmus. |
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Definition
lose sense of awareness and sense of self
completely deny anything is wrong with them.
a quadropalegic would say im gonna get up and walk out of here.
attentional problem, not problem w/ memory |
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Term
| common features of sensory systems |
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Definition
receptor neurons
receptive fields
columnar organization
cortical maps
cortical magnification
hierarchical representation |
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Term
| Names of alternative visual pathways |
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Definition
| Tectopulvinar pathway, suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus (SCN), Amygdala (important in fear conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
alternative visual pathway
important for eye movement and spatial processing.
Blindsight |
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Term
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Definition
| cochlea and A1 share this, high to low frequency coded areas of membrane/tissue |
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Term
| auditory system organization |
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Definition
| what and where pathway jus like vision, what is ventral and where is dorsal |
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Term
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Definition
| ventral stream in audition. |
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Term
| Types of Auditory agnosias |
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Definition
pure word deafness, phonganosia
amusia
agnosia for environmental sounds |
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Term
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Definition
form of auditory agnosia
almost always left hemisphere damage
can still hear language but cant process vibration in ear to words. they can still read and read out loud, they just wont have a clue what they are saying. |
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Term
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Definition
Voices
can still hear fine, understand language fine but cant tell whether it is a man, woman, child, accent, tone, etc. |
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Definition
LH damage cant process rhythem,
RH damage cant process melodies
generally follow a stroke |
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Definition
| phonology, orthography, semantics, syntax, articulation |
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Definition
elaboration of auditory processing
Superior temporal lobe |
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Definition
| Elaboration of visual processing. |
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Term
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Definition
multimodal merging of visual and auditory processing.
anterior temporal lobe |
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Definition
| elaboration of sequential processing; premotor and prefrontal components |
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Term
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Definition
| motor process for speech; M1 and Premotor regions |
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Term
| disorders of spoken language (aphasia) |
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Definition
| brocas, wernicke's, conductio, global |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior speech area in LEFT hemisphere that functions with the motor cortex to produce the movements needed for speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to speak fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mech. |
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Definition
| inability to understand or to produce meaningful language even though the production of words is still intact. |
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Definition
secondary auditory cortex (planum temporale) lying behind Heschl's gyrus at the rear of the left temporal lobe that regulates language comprehension
aka the posterior speech zone |
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Definition
| connects wernicke's to brocas |
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Term
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Definition
damage to arcuate fasciculus
can understand language
cannot repeat what is heard
lack of spontanious speech
make errors and notice them but cannot correct them. |
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Term
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Definition
due to degeneration of temporal lobes
usually temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia
different from wernicke's aphasia
deals w/ tau pathway (protein) all fucked up and messy
meld things together. mixed features of animals (cat/chicken cross) |
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Term
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Definition
word form : directly going from word to meaning
Phonologic : sound it out |
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Term
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Definition
| alexia is the inability to read due to brain damage. dyslexia is a learning disorder in which one has difficulty with reading and spelling. |
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Definition
| the inability to produce written language even when all other motor capabilities are present and intact. |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to word form path
rely on phonological route for reading
cannot read irregular words (thought)
can read non words (trilin) |
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Term
| deep or phonological alexia |
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Definition
damaged phonological path, but preserved word form path.
can read familiar words
impared at reading non words, unfamiliar words. |
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Term
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Definition
phonological timing disorder. difficulty making fine distinctions in timing between sounds.
most have problem with both word form and phonological reading.
probably several causes. |
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Definition
| faster and faster steps... end up running |
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