Term
| Traditional Primate Taxonomy: 2 main divisions |
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Definition
Prosimii, Anthropoidea
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkeys, apes, and humans |
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Term
Revised primate taxonomy
Divided into two major categories: |
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Definition
Strepsirhines and Haplorhines
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, lived in trees, insectivorous |
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Term
| Fossil primates first appeared: |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is associated with radiations and extinctions of groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Although primates fulfilled many _______ niches in their diversification, as mammals, they are relatively ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Postcranium traits that characterize primates |
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Definition
Five fingers and toes, prehensile hands, an apposable big toe (hallux) and thumb, nails instead of claws, friction on tactile pads on fingers and toes, fingerprints
Hindlimb dominated locomotion, center of gravity nearest the hindlimb, tendency towards vertical posture, diversity of modes of locomotion |
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Term
| Cranium traits that characterize primates |
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Definition
Olfaction: demphasized
Vision: Post-orbital bar or plate, convergent eyes/ stereoscopic vision/ forward facing eyes, visual processing part of the brain well developed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covers and protects part of the inner ear. One of only unique and diagnostic primate traits. |
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Term
|
Definition
Relatively unspecialized.
Maximum of : 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 molars |
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Term
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Definition
| How an organism spreads growth and reproduction out over its lifetime. |
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Term
| r-K scale of reproductive strategy |
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Definition
r being the most offspring and least parental care,
K the least offspring and most parental care |
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Term
| Arboreal Hypothesis (traditional view) |
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Definition
Primate traits arose as a response to living in a 3D environment.
Living in the trees requires good vision, grasping capabilities and an advanced brain. |
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Term
| Visual predation hypothesis |
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Definition
Arboreality alone cannot account for primate traits (squirrels and other animals are also arboreal).
Convergence of traits with other visually-oriented animals such as owls and cats. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Aye-aye, Indriids, Cheirogaleids, Lepilemurids, Lemurids |
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Term
| Prosimian vs anthropoid traits |
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Definition
| Fused frontal bone, fused lower jaw, larger brain, post orbital closure, no grooming claw or toothcomb, increased reliance on color vision. |
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Term
| Tarsier: distribution, social system, and features |
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Definition
Distribution: southeast Asia, Philippines
Social system: dispersed or pair-living
Like prosimians:
Grooming claw
No tapetum lucidum
Like anthropids:
No toothcomb
Fused orbit |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ceboidea (New World Monkeys) |
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Term
|
Definition
Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys)
Hominoidea (apes and humans) |
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Term
| Platyrrhines : Distribution, Gen Features, Social system |
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Definition
Distribution - South America, Central America, southern Mexico
Features - Broad, flat nostrils w wide space in between
Arboreal
2:1:3:3 Dental formula
Prehensile tal
Social- Gregarious and pair living |
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Term
| Cercopithecoid : 2 types depending on distribution |
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Definition
Cercopithecines- African
Colobines- Asian |
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Term
| Cercopithecoid General features |
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Definition
2:1:2:3 dental formula
terrestrial and arboreal
ischial callosites
bilophodant molars
cheek pouches (cercopithecine)
estrous swellings (cercopithecine)
comple stomach (colobine)
Pair living and gregarious |
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Term
|
Definition
Larger body size
No tail
Shortened trunk
Complex social behaviors
Flexible shoulder joint (suspensory adaptation)
Longer interbirth intervals |
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Term
|
Definition
Hylobatide (gibbons & siamang)
Pongo (orangutan)
Gorilla
Pan (bonobo & chimps)
Homo (human) |
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Term
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Definition
| Active during day and night (some lemurs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Active during dawn and dusk (some lemurs) |
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Term
| Tropical Rainforest Niche: Emergent layer |
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Definition
Upper
Discontinuous branches + gaps =
leaping, suspensory behaviors, and specialized behaviors (bridging) |
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Term
| Tropical Rainforest Niche: Main canopy |
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Definition
Mid
Continuous horizontal branches=
Arboreal quadrupedalism |
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Term
| Tropical Rainforest Niche: Understory layer |
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Definition
Lower
Vertical branches and vines =
More leaping and climbing |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals from the same species |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Territory disputes are often between ______. Different species are _______ because they don't compete for resources or space. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of a forest's production of new leaves, flowers, and fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
Unpredictable- every 2-7 years
80% of trees fruit synchronously
aseasonal Southeast Asian tropics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Predictable pattern in demand of energy demands of placental animals related to body size.
Smaller animals have higher bmr. |
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Term
|
Definition
Larger animals require more total food intake per day. Cannot afford to seek out widely distributed high energy resources. Small animals need to seek out foods with high energy to satisfy their requirements.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
Main - Frugivory, Folivory, Insectivory
Other - Gumnivory, Gramnivory, and Nectivory |
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Term
| ____er primates haver larger guts: implications |
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Definition
Larger
Longer transit times.
Can afford to eat hard to digest items (cellulose) |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for processing of harder foods.
Thin in chimps
Thick in orangutans |
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Term
| Function of cheek pouches |
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Definition
In cercopithecines
Salivary glands help digest unripe fruits and seeds, ingest fruit rapidly w/o processing. |
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Term
| Detoxifying secondary compounds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
High quality,
Processed easily
Rare |
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Term
|
Definition
Low quality
Hard to process
Easy to locate |
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Term
| Adaptations for preferred foods |
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Definition
Food harvesting:
General cognition
spatial navigation
locomotor adaptations
visual acuity
olfaction |
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Term
| Adaptations for fallback foods |
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Definition
Food processing:
Dental topography and enamel thickness
Gut length and morphology
body size
tool use |
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Term
| Food behavior : Contest competition |
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Definition
Individuals systematically exclude other individuals from the resource
Food patches are small, clumped, defendable |
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Term
| Food behavior: scramble competition |
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Definition
Individuals lose access to resources because others have already found them.
Occurs when food patches are dispersed, lower value
Cannot monopolize, so there is no competition |
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Term
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Definition
| defined spatial area that a group uses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Home ranges that are actively patrolled and defended from conspecifics. |
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Term
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Definition
| section of a home range that a group typically uses, associated with preferred resources, such as feeding trees and sleeping sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area within a home range that is traversed in a day. |
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Term
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Definition
You have to be able to cross your home range several times a day for it to be defendable.
D = d/ sqrt( 4A/ pi)
D> = 1, defendable
A = area of range
d = day range |
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Term
Ranging patterns: factors +
Do frugivores or foliovores have bigger ranges |
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Definition
Frugivores have larger home and day ranges.
Other factors: degree of arboreality, locomotion, group size, and habitat productivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| various movements and stationary behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Finding food and mates, avoiding predators |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why are primates under threat? |
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Definition
Habitat destruction
Illegal logging-> roads and pipelines for bushmeat
Oil palm plantations
Bushmeat- consuming wild game
Illegal pet trade |
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Term
| Triver's Parental Investment Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Whichever sex invests more effort and more resources in offspring is the limiting resource for the reproduction of the less investing sex and thus the object of competition. |
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Term
| Female reproductive success limitations |
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Definition
| Energetic constraints on reproduction and child survivorship (e.g. food) |
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Term
| Male reproductive success limitations |
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Definition
| Ability to find and retain a mate |
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Term
|
Definition
| how primates overcome reproductive success limitations |
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Term
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Definition
Find a new home range and establish themselves in a good core area that will allow for higher ovarian hormones.
Immigrant females always travel with males, while resident females only travel with males when they are estrous. |
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Term
| Intra-sexual competition + consequences |
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Definition
male-male competition or female-female competition
Leads to sexual dimorophism, dominance hierarchy, and other special features (canines, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| female philopatric species |
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Definition
| dominance hierarchy remains stable until a new male enters the group |
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Term
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Definition
| the Alpha male is challenged by an up and coming male |
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Term
| operational sex ratio: factors |
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Definition
More males
fewer females
longer interbirth intervals
short periods of female sexual receptivity |
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Term
|
Definition
Indirectly competing/ scramble
Impressive looks
Sperm competition |
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Term
|
Definition
Killer = new alpha male
New male is not related to infant
Females next birth : 10months vs 2 years
== increased reproductive success |
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Term
| Female counter strategy to infanticide |
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Definition
Sexual swelling-
Hidden ovulation-
Both confuse paternity.
Females aid other females and seek male defense. |
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Term
| Orangutan counter strategy to infanticide |
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Definition
Mixed-
Seek out flanged males when ovulating.
Mate with unflanged males when not ovulating.
They have hidden ovulation to confuse paternity. |
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Term
| Why do primates live in groups? |
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Definition
1)Protection from predators- chance of dying 1/ N
2) Protect food resources - cost of protecting lower in a bigger group
3) Protection from infanticide
Costs: inbreeding, communicable disease |
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Term
| Primate social organization/ distribution of sexes |
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Definition
Females - distributed by food Males- distributed by females
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually females. Sex that doesn't migrate to avoid inbreeding/homozygosity. |
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Term
|
Definition
males and females only mate with one member of the opposite sex.
1) Evolves when parental care is nonshareable and indispensable to female reproduction.
2) Aggression from females prevents males from mating.
tarsiers, Gibbons |
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Term
|
Definition
1 female mates with multiple males
tamarins
rare |
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Term
|
Definition
1 male mates with multiple females
Evolves when females are clumped (philopatric groups, usually related) and defendable.
- clumped food or little food competition
most common |
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Term
|
Definition
both males and females have multiple mates
Evolves as the number of females in the group increases, males need help defending them from other males.
bonobos and chimps
most common |
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Term
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Definition
| direct fitness + indirect fitness (lateral relatives) |
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Term
| Kin selection: Hamilton's rule |
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Definition
Altruism should be favored if rb > c
r= coefficient of relatedness
c = cost to ego
b= benefit to recipient
Under debate... most kin selection can now be explained through individual selection. |
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Term
| Individual, group, or multilevel selection |
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Definition
| Multilevel- some genes favor the individual while some favor the group |
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Term
| Original human subsistence system |
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Definition
| hunting and gathering/ foraging |
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Term
| Hunter gatherer: consistencies |
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Definition
Families imbedded within larger social communities
Fission-fussion social organization
Sexual division of labor |
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Term
| Hunter gatherer: variations |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sexual division of labor: men |
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Definition
hunting
high risk items
ability to find and retain a mate |
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Term
| Sexual division of labor: women |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which ape has the shortest inter-birth intervals and why? |
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Definition
Humans
Also longest periods of juvenile dependency
Humans have a shared energy pool (in contrast to "single" mother apes)
Food production can exceed consumption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cooperation in expectation of something in return |
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Term
| Indirect reciprocal altruism |
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Definition
helping someone with the expectation that someone else will eventually help;
uniquely human |
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Term
| Bio-cultural approach: Alcoholism |
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Definition
East Asians have slow conversion of Acetyldehyde to Acetate
Caused by possession of ALDH2*2 gene
Low risk of alcoholism |
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Term
| Human Evolutionary Ecology: (wealth and reproductive success in kipsigs) |
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Definition
| Focus on how ecological factors have influenced reproductive success and behavior in hunter-gatherers and other traditional populations. |
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Term
| Darwinian Psychology model |
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Definition
| brain has general purpose psychological mechanism to adapt to any situation |
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Term
| Evolutionary Psychology model |
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Definition
| Brain has content modules developed to solve problems in the past. Behavior may not be optimally adapted to modern environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans are not sexually attracted to individuals they have been reared with in childhood. |
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Term
| Culture: animal inclusive definition |
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Definition
| Behavior that is transmitted repeatedly through social or observational learning to become a population-level characteristic. |
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Term
|
Definition
Dialects in song birds Sweet potato washing in Japanese macaques
[image] |
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Term
| Animal tool use traditions |
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Definition
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Term
| Criteria to prove culture trait behaviors |
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Definition
1) Not explained by genetic differences
2) not be explained by differences in ecology |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found and eaten at both Suaq and Gunung Palung, tools only used at Suaq |
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Term
| Leaf carrying in orangutans |
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Definition
rehabilitated orangutans
importance of developmental stage in acquisition |
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Term
|
Definition
linked to intelligence
provides material for cultural change
rehabilitant orangutans show more innnovation than wild orangutans |
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Term
| The Ratchet Effect Hypothesis |
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Definition
Cumulative cultural change
Beneficial modifications accumulate over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
copy motor pattern without adopting or understanding goal/intention
1) decide what to imitate
2) transform one point of view into another
3) producing a matched bodily action |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopt a goal/intention without copying a precise motor pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopt a goal/intention and copy a precise motor pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Becoming the object of one's own attention |
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Term
|
Definition
| Humans (18-24 months), chimps, bonobos, orangutans, dolphins, elephants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability to understand that others may have different views and beliefs than your own. |
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Term
| Logetivity and interbirth intervals: Apes vs Humans |
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Definition
Apes have longer interbirth intervals and die soon after post-reproductive period.
Humans have shorter interbirth intervals and have a long post-reproductive period. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Model of how individuals allocate resources (energy, effort) over their lifetimes to maximize reproductive success. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Investment in one's own growth and survivorship
-Own fertility
- Offspring survival and fertility |
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Term
|
Definition
Conception to weaning: Growth derived from mother's energy.
Weaning to adulthood: Growth derived from own energy
Adulthood: energy from growth goes to reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
Biologically relevant stages of development. Marked by physiological change (->)
-Prenatal-> Birth
- Infant -> End of weaning
- Juvenile -> Puberty
- Subadult -> End of growth, fully fertile
-Adult -> Low or no fertility
-Post reproductive period |
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Term
| Pre-natal stage: Maternal-Offspring Conflict |
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Definition
Mother has interest in producing more offspring. (related by .5)
Meanwhile, offspring wants to be nurtured more. (related to itself by 1.0)
Paternal genes- increase transfer of nutrients to fetus.
Maternal genes- decrease transfer of nutrients to fetus to avoid excess of maternal optimum. |
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Term
| Trophoblast and its role in development |
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Definition
Develops into placenta, under the control of paternally derived genes.
Invades maternal endometrium and remodels arteries so they are unable to constrict.
Mother- blood pressure rises
Fetus - increased blood flow + nutrients |
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Term
| Low birth weight associated with |
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Definition
Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Non-insulin dependent diabetes
Raised serum cholesterol
Abnormal blood clotting |
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Term
Infant stage and brain development, compare humans vs chimps
How is a large brain size achieved? |
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Definition
Brain size constraint: mother's pelvic inlet Fetal brain development of humans not faster and shorter pregnancy than chimps
[image]
Large brain size is achieved through extended growth during infancy and childhood. |
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Term
|
Definition
Human brains need high fat milk, breast milk's lipids are better absorbed.
Immunoglobins in breast milk protect newborns against infectious disease.
Also longterm benefits. |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in maternal gut.
Monitors antigens the mother is exposed to.
Stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells).
Lympocytes lodge in breast and coats baby's intestines, which prohibit foreign objects from getting through. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
3-12 yrs
Childhood 3-7 yrs: play
7- 12 : social learning + onset of adrenarche |
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Term
|
Definition
12-18 yrs
Onset of sexual maturity (secondary traits and interest)
Uniquely human growth spurt after puberty |
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Term
|
Definition
18- onset of senescence
Fully sexually mature, cessation of skeletal growth, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| Senescence - deterioration of fertility and function |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of a hormone from the adrenal glands that helps shape the brain. This may be a uniquely human trait. |
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Term
|
Definition
Genes that are beneficial early in life can have adverse effects later in life.
Example: testosterone increases sex drive and ability to compete for mates but also causes prostate cancer. Genes are not selected against because they occur later in life after reproduction. |
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Term
| Why do we have menopause? |
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Definition
Depletion of eggs. Mammal limitation of 50 yrs of oocyte life.
[image] |
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Term
| Selection for long life span |
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Definition
- Direct physical contributions
- Holding kin groups together and maintaining large cooperative networks
- Relieving physiological/energetic constraints on the mother |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of reproductive functioning as an interaction between an organism and its environment. |
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Term
| Amenorrhea : Reproductive ecology approach |
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Definition
Variation in ovarian function as an adaptive response to the probability to successful reproductive outcome.
Natural selection to avoid reproduction when there are little chances of success. |
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Term
|
Definition
| capacity to bear offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monthly probability of conceiving |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Secrete substances into ducts that empty into body cavities or onto surfaces (e.g. sweat) |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete hormones into the bloodstream which are then carried to other regions of the body to exert their effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pelvic size accounts for 50% variance
Body fat accounts for 18% variance |
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Term
| Stages of puberty- contrast male and female |
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Definition
| Females develop secondary sexual characteristics before fully sexually maturing, while males are sexually mature before developing secondary sexual characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Net difference between energy intake and energy expenditure |
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|
Term
| Energy balance and hormones |
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Definition
Lower hormones with negative energy balance
Also found in other apes. |
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|
Term
| Testosterone changes w age |
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Definition
| Variance decreases as individuals get older |
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Term
| Testosterone and nutritional status |
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Definition
Levels "set" during development.
Changes in nutritional status doesn't affect testosterone levels. |
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Term
| Key promotor of muscle anabolism/ which muscles |
|
Definition
Testosterone
Muscles that show most dimorphism: upper body |
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Term
| Testosterone's role in positive affect |
|
Definition
Responds more to social or behavioral context:
Example of fans' testosterone going up after their team wins a game. |
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Term
|
Definition
Cause infectious disease
Foreign substances
Part of a micro-organism : Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites |
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Term
|
Definition
Synthesized by immune system to fight antigens
Type of protein called immunoglobin, which binds to antigens. |
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Term
|
Definition
Produced in the bone marrow
Make:
-B cells
- T cells
- Phagocytes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Recognizes a foreign body and binds to it to produce antibodies
Helps antigens become a target for phagocytes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| engulf the envading antigen and destroy it through lysosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the phagocyte with digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Help activate B cells and stimulate production of phagocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
Produced after immune response;
Primed to activate the immune response right away if another exposure to the antigen occurs. |
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Term
| Cause of allergies and auto-immune disease |
|
Definition
More common in industrialized "clean" environments
Body turns on itself causing an immune reaction to the body's own tissues or common substances that normally don't elicit an immune response. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| First use of vaccination from pus from sores into scratches of healthy people. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, distribution, and and control of disease in populations |
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|
Term
| Three epidemiological transitions |
|
Definition
1) Agricultural
2) Industrial
3) Post-industrial |
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Term
|
Definition
| agents that carry infectious disease |
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|
Term
| Causes of agricultural epidemiological transitions |
|
Definition
Larger population size- virulent infection rapidly spread
More sedentary lifestyle-> more contact with human waste
Domestic animals-> vectors
Technology-> spread of diseases
... Larger fertility |
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|
Term
| Industrial epidemiological transition |
|
Definition
Technology-> fight diseases
Mortality switch from infectious to old age diseases
Optimism about eradicating or controlling diseases |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1928- discovery of penicillin (by Alexander Fleming)
1952- bacteria discovered to be resistant to penicillin (Joshua and Esther Lederberg)
1965- over 25,000 antibiotics developed. |
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|
Term
| Post-industrial epidemiological transition |
|
Definition
Overuse of antibiotics in agriculture
Over-prescription of antibiotics for non-bacterial infections
-> Very fit bacteria
Obesogenic environment from modern diet |
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|
Term
| Reproductive value: definition |
|
Definition
| Probable future reproductive success |
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|
Term
| When does reproductive value peak? Contrast with fecundity |
|
Definition
Age of menarche
Fecundity peaks around 27 |
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|
Term
| Kipsig Men: wealth and number of children |
|
Definition
| Multiple wives. Reproductive fitness by how much territory they own |
|
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Term
| Kipsig Women: wealth and number of children |
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Definition
| The women with the most territory didn't have the most kids. Perhaps as a result of competition of resources between wives. |
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Term
| Modern society, wealth and number of children |
|
Definition
Fertility declines with increased material wealth.
More investment in fewer children . |
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|
Term
| Mate preference: Females ovulating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Varies across cultures.
Industrialized societies prefer the .7 waist to hip ratio while traditional societies prefer plumper women. |
|
|
Term
| Polygyny and testosterone |
|
Definition
| Men with more wives have higher testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Fatherhood and testosterone |
|
Definition
| Parenting lowers testosterone |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxytocin is necessary in other animals for motherly behaviors. In humans oxytocin primes motherly behaviors but is not necessary.
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