Term
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Definition
| local, interbreeding population that is defined in terms of its genetic composition (for example, allele frequencies) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of local populations that share part of the geographic range of a species, and can be differentiated from other subspecies based on one or more phenotypic traits |
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Term
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Definition
| in biological taxonomy, same thing as a subspecies; when applied to humans, sometimes incorporates both cultural and biological factors |
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Term
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Definition
| species that consist of a number of separate breeding populations, each varying in some genetic trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how traditional culture classify objects and orgs in the natural world |
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Term
| Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) |
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Definition
| Father of physcial anthropology, estalished one of the first large collections of bio anth material. Identified 5 races- monogenism |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a predjudicial belief that members of one ethnic group are superior in some way to those of another |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote The Mind of Primitive man, which discussed relationship between racial biology and cultural achievment |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of different aspects of the body, such as stature or skin color |
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Term
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Definition
| a human group defined in terms of sociological, cultural, and linguistic traits |
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Term
| Ashley Montagu (1905-1999) |
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Definition
| Said that the racial science of the Nazis was not valid |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized the shape of the human skull, invented by Anders Retzius to help form racial categories. Not valid today |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genetic variation within and between groups of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of evolutionary phenomena that occur within a species |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more distinct phenotypes (at the genetic or anatomical levels) that exist within a population. Has to occur more than 1% |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of a trait or allele across geographical space |
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Term
| maternal-fetal incompatibility |
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Definition
| occurs when the mother produces antibodies against an antigen (for example, a red blood cell surface protein) expressed in the fetus that she does not possess |
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Term
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Definition
| blood type system that can cause hemolytic anemia of the newborn through maternal-fetal incompatibility if the mother is rh-neg and the child is rh-pos |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary tree indicating relatedness and divergence of taxonomic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. This was discovered to be a polymorphic trait, because some humans develop the intolerance as they get older and some don't |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. methatheria 2. prototheria 3. eutheria |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals that reproduce without a placenta, including marsupials. Ex: kangaroo, koalas, opossums |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals that reproduce by egg-laying, then nurse young from nipples. ex: Platypus and echidna |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals that reproduce with a placenta and uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| suborder of the order primates that includes the prosimians, excluding the tarsier |
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Term
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Definition
| suborder of the order primates that includes the anthropoids and the tarsier. Humans,monkeys, apes |
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Term
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Definition
| member of the primate suborder Prosimii that includes the lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers |
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Term
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Definition
| members of the primate suborder Anthropoidea that includes the monkeys, apes, and hominidsd |
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Term
| how to distinguish primates |
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Definition
| Generalized body plan, grasping hands with opposable thumbs or big toes, flattened nails, forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision, generalized teeth,petrosal bulla, enclosed bony eye orbits in the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoth for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for life in the trees |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoth for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for catching small prey |
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Term
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Definition
| the paraboloic arc that forms the upper or lower row of teeth |
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Term
| Old World Monkeys dental plan |
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Definition
| 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (2123) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tiny bit of skeleton that covers and protects parts of the inner ear |
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Term
| life history traits of primates |
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Definition
| single offspring, larger brains, extended ontogeny |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain that controls higher cognitive function; the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the life cycle of an organism from conception to death |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| active during daylight hours |
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Term
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Definition
| group living, a fundamental trait of haplorhine primates |
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Term
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Definition
| when incisors protrude from the front of the mouth to form a comblike surface. occurs in Stepsirhine and prosimians |
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Term
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Definition
| Superfamily Lemuroidea. Only found on Madagascar. Live in diverse social systems, mostly diurnal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tropial Africa and Asia. Galago (bush baby)used to be included but now in its own family. Both nocturnal, olfactoral, hunt insects, frutis, small animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Haplorhine and prosimian.Nocturnal. Eat small vertebrates and most highly carnivorous of all non-human primates. |
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Term
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Definition
| infraorder of the order primates that is synonymous with the new world monkeys, or ceboids |
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Term
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Definition
| small body size, three premolar teeth, arboreality, flat shaped noses |
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Term
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Definition
| grasping tail possessed by some species of the primate families Cebidae and Atelidae |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system in which one female mates with multiple males |
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Term
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Definition
| infraorder of the order Primate that includes the Old world monkeys, apes, and hominids. Have downward-facing nostrils. |
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Term
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Definition
| wider are of habitat than new world monkeys, thickened calluses on their behinds, double-ridged molar teeth, greater size range, greater degree of sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| Subfamily of Cercopithecidae (Old world)from Africa. Semichambered stomach that can digest tough, cellulose-laden foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subfamily of Cercopithecidae (old world)which are from Africa. Have cheek pouches for food storage. Also the females have a period of estrus for sexual dimorphism. Ex: baboons, mangabeys, guenons, drills |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in some female mammals, which corresponds to the timing of ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| superfamily Hominoidea, increase brain volume, rotating shoulder aparatus, extended ontogeny, |
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Term
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Definition
| member of the gibbon or lesser ape family |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the 4 great apes species: gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, or orangutan |
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Term
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Definition
| member of our own human family, past or present |
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Term
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Definition
| mode of arm-hanging and arm-swinging that uses a rotating shoulder to suspend the body of an ape or hominid beneath a branch or to travel between branches |
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Term
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Definition
| live in tropical asia, indonesia. live in the rainforest canopy, frugivorous, whooping songs to set territorial boundaries, monogamous |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that eats a diet composed mainly of fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| solitary apes, largely bodied in indonesia and sexually dimorphic, arboreal |
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Term
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Definition
| largest primates, most in Africa, sexually dimporphic, eat fruits and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| our closest living relative, live along the equator of Africa, fission-fusion groups, eat fruit and meat |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual dimorphism, Congo River, fruit and some leafy plants, live in large social groups, female coalitions |
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Term
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Definition
| from of mating system seen in chimpanzees, bonobos, and a few other primates in which there are temporary subgroups but no stable, cohesive groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interrelationships of plants, animals, and physical environment in which they live |
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Term
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Definition
| animals who eat a diet composed of leaves and foliage |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic chemical compounds found in the leaves of many plants which the plants use as a defense against leaf-eating animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the leafing and fruiting cycles of a forest |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of waking, eating, moving, socializing, and sleeping that all nonhuman primates engage in each day |
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Term
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Definition
| the spatial area used by a primate group |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a home range that is most intensively used |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a home range that is defined against other members of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| first researcher to immerse herself in the lives of the animals 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
| primate behavior study conducted in a zoo, laboratory, or other enclosed setting |
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Term
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Definition
| primate behavior study conducted in a large area that is enclosed or isolated in some way so the population is captive |
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Term
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Definition
| primate behavior study conducted in the habitat in which the primate naturally occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| primate social system in which females remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas males emigrate |
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Term
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Definition
| primate social system in which males remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas females emigrate |
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Term
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Definition
| willingness and ability of female to mate, also defined as fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system in which one man is allowed to take more than one wife |
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Term
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Definition
| the grouping pattern in which a primate species lives, including its size and composition evolved in response to natural and sexual selection pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| a mating bond; primates can be socially monogamous but still mate occasionally outside the pair bond |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system consisting of at least one male and more than one female |
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Term
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Definition
| primate social system consisting of multiple males and multiple females |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking of individual primates in group that reflects their ability to displace, intimidate, or defeat group mates in contests |
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Term
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Definition
| the killing of infants, either by members of the infant's group or by a member of a rival group |
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Term
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Definition
| type of primate polygyny in which animals travel in foraging parties of varying sizes instead of a cohesive group |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system in which one female mates with multiple males |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of extinct orgs, based on their fossilized remains |
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Term
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Definition
| the preserved remnants of once-living things, often buried in the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of earth systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of death to the time of discovery |
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Term
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Definition
| GTS-the categories of time into which earth's history is usually divided by geologists and paleontologists: eras, periods, epochs |
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Term
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Definition
Precambrian (eon):Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic(era)
Phanerozoic (eon):Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (eras) |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin or original source as of a fossil |
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Term
| relative dating techniques |
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Definition
| dating techniques that establish the age of a fossil only in comparison to other materials found above and below it |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of geologic deposits and their formation, stratigraphic relationships, and relative time relationships based on their lithologic (rock) properties |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of lithostratigraphy in which the chemical fingerprint of a volcanic ash is used to correlate across regions |
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Term
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Definition
| relative dating technique using comparison of fossils from different stratigraphic sequences to estimate which layers are older and which are younger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| calibrated relative dating techniques |
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Definition
| techniques that use regular or somewhat regular processes that can be correlated to an absolute chronology to estimate the age of a site |
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Term
| geomagnetic polarity time scale |
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Definition
| GPTS-time scale composed of the sequence of paleomagnetic orientations of strata through time |
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Term
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Definition
| the magnetic polarity recorded in ancient sediments. Reversed or normal direction is used to correlate with the geomagnetic polarity time scale to infer an age for a site |
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Term
| chronometric dating techniques |
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Definition
| techniques that estimate the age of an object in absolute terms through the use of a natural clock such as radioactive decay or tree ring growth |
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Term
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Definition
| chronometric techniques that use radioactive decay of isotopes to estimate age |
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Term
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Definition
| variant forms of an element that differ based on their atomic weights and numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. Both stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes exist in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for half of the original amount of an unstable isotope of an element to decay into more stable forms |
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Term
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Definition
| the original radioactive isotope in a sample |
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Term
| daughter isotope (product) |
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Definition
| the isotope that is produced as the result of radioactive decay of the parent isotope |
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Term
| how to get age with half-lives |
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Definition
| # of half-lives x length of half-life=age estimate |
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Term
| potassium-argon (K-Ar)dating |
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Definition
| Radiometric technique using the decay of 40K to 40Ar in potassium-bearing rocks; estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiometric technique modified from K-Ar that measures 40K by proxy using 39Ar. Â Allows measurement of smaller samples with less error |
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Term
| Uranium series (U-series) techniques |
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Definition
| radiometric techniques using the decay of uranium to estimate an age for calcium carbonates including flowstones, shells, and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| radiometric technique for dating noncrystalline materials using the decay of 238Ur and counting the tracks that are produced by this fission. Estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiometric technique of decay of 14C in organic remains such as wood and bone to estimate the time since death of the organism |
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Term
| Electronic trap techniques |
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Definition
| radiometric techniques that measure the accumulation of electrons in traps in the crystal lattice of a specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| TL-electron trap technique that uses heat to measure the amount of radioactivity accumulated by a specimen such as a stone tool since its last heating |
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Term
| optically stimulated luminescence |
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Definition
| OSL-electron trap technique that uses light to measure the amount of radioactivity accumulated by crystals in sediments (such as sand grains) since burial |
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Term
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Definition
| ESR-electron trap technique that measures the total amount of radioactivity accumulated by a specimen such as a tooth or bone since burial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| silica bodies produced by some plants, especially grasses, that can be used to indicate the presence of certain types of vegetation at fossil site |
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Term
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Definition
| mammalian order or suborder of mammals that may be ancestral to later primates, characterized by some but not all of the primate trends |
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Term
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Definition
| projection of the face well in front of the braincase |
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Term
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Definition
| a bony ring encircling that lateral side of the eye but not forming a complete cup around the eye globe |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between anterior teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| family of mostly Eocene primates, probably ancestral to all strepsirhines |
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Term
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Definition
| family of mostly Eocene primates probably ancestral to all haplorhines |
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Term
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Definition
| (Big cut)-marked cooling and drying of the climate at the end of the Eocene, which resulted in a large-scale faunal turnover |
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Term
| Anthropoids characteristics |
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Definition
| advanced feautreus in the skull and jaws, including a fused frontal bone, a fused lower jaw, and postorbital closure |
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Term
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Definition
| Groupo of early anthropoids. Predated the split between the new world and old world monkeys, based on its dental plan |
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Term
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Definition
| quadrepedal monkeys that have the earliest known record of more advanced features such as a fused frontal bone and postorbital closure |
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Term
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Definition
| largets fayum primates and most advanced, same dental formula as Old World (2:1:2:3) |
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Term
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Definition
| the first anthropoid primate to live on the ground. probably ate hard fruits and seeds. Ancestor of Old World monkeys |
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Term
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Definition
| early apes exhibiting y-5 molar patterns but monkey-like postcranial skeletons |
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Term
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Definition
| Early dental ape. more monkey like locomotor adaptation, long flexible torso, possibly had a tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last common ancestor of great apes and hominids. Suspensory shoulder, short and stiff back |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the late Miocene. Similar to the Orangutan, except has smoother teeth and is a quadrupedial |
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Term
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Definition
| giant molars found at medicine store in China, appeared in the late Miocene. Possibly where the yeti and big foot myths come from |
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Term
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Definition
| Miocene in Greece, wide space between eye sockets like a gorilla, |
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Term
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Definition
| found in a coal deposit in italy, biped had weird feet with one big toe in a different direction than the rest of the toes, no living descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive strategy in which females have many offspring, interbirth intervals are short, and maternal investment per offspring is low |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive strategy in which fewer offspring are produced per female, interbirth intervals are long, and maternal investment is high |
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Term
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Definition
| tree of related species based on a gene or protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic accumulation of genetic change that can be used to estimate the time of divergence between two groups if relative rates are constant and a calibration point from the fossil record is available |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of determining whether molecular evolution has been occurring at a constant rate in two lineages by comparing whether these lineages are equidistant from an outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| the column of bones and cartilaginous disks, that houses the spinal cord and provides structural support and flexibility to the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the 12 vertebrae of the thorax that hold the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| the five vertebrae of the lower back |
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Term
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Definition
| the fused vertebrae that form the back of the pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| the fused tail vertebrae that are very small in humans and apes |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum to which neck muscles attach |
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Term
| innominate bones (os coxae) |
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Definition
| the pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis; each innominate is made up of 3 bones that fuse during adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the innominate bone that forms the bony underpinning of the rump |
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Term
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Definition
| the blade of the innominate to which gluteal muscles attach |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the innominate that forms the anterior part of the birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
| gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, the muscles of walking, whcih have undergone radical realignment in habitual bipeds |
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Term
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Definition
| the cup-shaped joint formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis at which the head of the femur attaches to the pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| the enlarged inferior end of the fmur that forms the top of the knee joint |
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Term
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Definition
| foot bones that form the ankle and arches of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 foot bones that join the tarsals to the toes and form a portion of the longitudinal arch of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that form the fingers and toes |
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Term
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Definition
| hominid intelligence and brain size increase is seen as the result of tool use and extractive foraging |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied patterns of tool use in chimpanzees. Concluded that cultural traditions best explained the diversity of tool cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| hominid intelligence and brain size increase is thought to be a result of benefits of navigating and foraging in a complex tropical forest ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| hominid intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of being politically or socially clever when living with others; sometimes called Machiavellian intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to place oneself into the mind of others; necessary for possessing an awareness of the knowledge or cognitive ability of others and for imitating or teaching others |
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Term
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Definition
| having teeth that are uniform in form, shape, and function |
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Term
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Definition
| tooth array in which different teeth have different forms and functions |
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Term
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Definition
| combo of canine and first premolar teeth that forms a self-sharpening apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| the common name for members of the genus Australopithecus |
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Term
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Definition
| bony ridges on the skull to which muscles attach |
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Term
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Definition
| bony ridges on teh skull to which muscles attach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| according to the laws of zoological nomenclature, the anatomical reference specimen for the species definition |
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Term
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Definition
| bony crest running lengthwise down the center of the cranium on the parietal bones; for the attachment of the temporalis muscles |
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Term
| compound temporonuchal crest |
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Definition
| bony crest at the back of the skull formed when an enlarged temporalis muscle approaches enlarged neck (nuchal) muscles, present in apes and A. Afarensis |
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Term
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Definition
| cement-like matrix of fossilized rock and bone. Many important South African early humans have been found in breccias |
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Term
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Definition
| a replica (or cast) of the internal surface of the braincase that reflects the impmressions made by the brain on the skull walls. Natural endocasts are formed by the filling of the braincase by sediments. |
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Term
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Definition
| chewing tough, hard-to-break food items such as nuts or fibrous vegetation |
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Term
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Definition
| the chewing muscles: masseter, temporalis, medial, and lateral pterygoids |
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Term
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Definition
| the pinching-in of the cranium just behind the orbits where the temporalis muscle sits. Little constriction indicates a large brain and small muscle; great constriction indicates a large muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| the bony arch formed by the zygomatic (cheek) bone and temporal bone of the skull |
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Term
| osteodontokeratic culture |
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Definition
| a bone, tooth, and horn tool kit envisioned by Raymond Dart s made by Australopithecus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tool industry characterized by simple, usually unifacial core and flake tools |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular style or tradition of making stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
| the raw material source (a river cobble or a large flake) from which flakes are removed |
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Term
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Definition
| the stone fragment struct from a core, thought to have been the primary tools of the Oldowan |
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Term
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Definition
| a stone used for striking cores to produce flakes or bones to expose marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| a place where htere is archaeological evidence of the butchering or carcass by hominids. The evidence usually consists of tool cut marks on fossilized animal bones or the presence of the stone tools themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| an archaelogical site at which there is evidence that early hominids were obtaining the raw material to make stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
| archaelogical term for an area to which early hominids may have brought tools and carcasses and around which their activities were centered |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened ridge of bone above the eye orbits of the skull, a browridge |
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Term
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Definition
| a thickened ridge of bone at the posterior inferior angle of the parietal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a thickened horizontal ridge of bone on the occipital bone at the rear of the cranium |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal ridge or thickening of bone on the sagittal suture not associated with any muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal ridge or thickening of bone along the midline of the frontal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior teeth which on their lingual (tounge) surface are concave with 2 raised edges that make them look like tiny shovels |
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Term
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Definition
| a bone that is flattened from front to back |
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Term
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Definition
| a bone that is flattened from side to side |
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Term
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Definition
| the skullcap, or the bones of the cranium exclusive of the face and the base of the cranium |
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Term
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Definition
| the braincase; includes the bones of the calotte and those that form the base of the cranium but excludes the bones of the face |
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Term
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Definition
| an indentation on the maxilla above the root of the canine, an anatomical feature usually associated with modern humans that may be present in some archaic homo species in europe |
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Term
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Definition
| stone tool industry of the early and middle Pleistocene characterized by the presence of bifacial hand axes and cleavers. This industry is made by a number of Homo species, including H. erectus and early H. sapiens |
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Term
| Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic) |
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Definition
| the earliest stone tool industries including the oldowan and archeulean industries, called the ESA in Africa and the lower Paleolithic outside Africa |
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