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Bacteria
Archaea
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal |
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| one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles usually complexly arranged, fibrous root system (corn) |
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| two cotyledons, veins usually net like, vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring, taproot usually present (bean) |
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| extensions of epidermal cells, dramatically increase a roots surface area for absorbing water and nutrients |
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| A function of all roots, but some are highly modified for storage (carrots). |
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| Aboveground (aerial or prop) |
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| conduct oxygen to waterlogged roots |
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| runners, are horizontal, wandering, aboveground stems |
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| (edible base of a ginger plant) are horizontal, below ground stems |
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| (Potatoes, yams) are the swollen ends of rhizomes, specialized for food storage |
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| Vertical, underground stems consisting mostly of swollen bases of leaves specialized to store food |
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| specialized branches that twist around structures to lend support |
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| rigid, sharp branches that deter potential herbivores (especially mammalian browsers) |
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| Generally exercise apical dominance over axillary buds |
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| one leaf per axillary bud |
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| Multiple leaves to one axillary buds |
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| Many compound leaves to one axillary buds |
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| Aloe vera, arid-adapted plants |
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| Where do undifferentiated meristematic cells occur? |
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| Flower, terminal bud, node, internode, axillary bud, terminal bud of branch, vegetative branch, leaf (petiole, blade) |
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| Above ground, co evolution can occur (symbiotic relationship, obligate relationship (honey bees-the flower would die if the insect stopped feeding on it |
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| Underground, stem, taproot, lateral roots |
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| Underground, stem, taproot, lateral roots |
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| When a cell divides it makes daughter cells and they may differentiate depending on where they are located during development |
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| Epidermis, generally a single cell layer that covers the plant, absorption in root system, water retention in shoot system, aided by waxy cuticle |
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Transport water and dissolved minerals
Cells are dead at functional maturity |
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Transports sugars dissolved in water
Cells are alive at functional maturity |
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| All non-epidermal, non-vascular tissue, three principal cell types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
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| Thin walled, live cells, perform most metabolic functions of plant: photosynthesis, food storage, synthesis and secretion (Potatoes) |
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| Cells with unevenly thickened walls that lack lignin, alive at maturity, grouped into strands or cylinders to aid support without constricting growth (celery) |
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| Very thick walls, hardened with lignin, dead at maturity, give strength and support to fully grown parts of the plant, fibers occur in groups, sclereids impart hardness to nutshells and the gritty texture to pears |
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| Produces three primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
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| The cells first elongate then mature and differentiate, protoderm cells become the epidermis, ground meristem cells become the cortex, procambium cells become the stele |
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| Outermost layer of stele, these cells retain meristematic capabilities, and can produce lateral roots |
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| Innermost layer of cortex, these cells regulate the flow of substances into the vascular tissues of stele |
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| Disallows flow of substances except through the endodermal cells themselves |
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| Leaves arise from leaf primordia on the flanks of apical meristems |
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| Lengthens shoots from the tips, apical meristem produces three primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
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| could produce lateral branches, develop from islands of meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia |
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| Epidermal tissue surrounding stomata |
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| Secondary growth in stems |
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| All tissue outside the vascular cambium |
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| No longer conducts water, but strengthens stem |
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| Conducts water and minerals |
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| Where do plants get nutrition? |
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| Most from soil (minerals), water (hydrogen and oxygen), or air (carbon dioxide and oxygen), nitrogen and phosphorous limiting |
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| Acquisition of soil nutrients |
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| Plants concentrate minerals inside their tissues, minerals kept in vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem), symbionts help get nutrients: Mycorrhizae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria help plant absorb nitrogen (NH3, N-) |
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| Osmosis, water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration |
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| How does water move up a plant against gravity? |
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Cohesion: of water molecules makes them stick together, resist being pulled apart.
Tension: water is pulled up.
Transpiration: water evaporates out of leaf stomata, leaf is "dry" so pulls water out of xylem, water leaving xylem pulls up the water behind it |
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| source and sink model, goes up and down can change direction |
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| By fragmentation, either naturally (runners) or artificial (clippings) |
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| Combines genes from 2 different parents, offspring genetically different |
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Evolution of flowers
Gymnosperms |
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| Wind pollination used for fertilization, insects: attract with food in form of pollen (protein rich) and female cones (sugar rich) |
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Evolution of flowers
Abgiosperms |
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| Flowering plants, developed 130 million years ago. Flowers attract pollinators |
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| Parts evolved from leaves |
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| Complete flowers have how many parts? |
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| 4 parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
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| Carpels: Female reproductive parts composed of stigma, style, and ovary |
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| Stamens: male reproductive parts, composed of filament and anther |
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| Sepals: sometimes colored, attractors, Petals: colored, patterned to attract |
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| Lack one or more of the 4 parts |
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| Co-evolution of flowers and pollinators |
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| Wind, animals: attracted by colors or scents, modification of tubes so only certain pollinators can access, ensure pollination is the goal |
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| Angiosperm gametophyte development |
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| Develop inside sporophyte flowers, very small and parasitic (can't live on their own), pollen grains are the male gametophyte: 2 sperms, embryo sac: 7 cells (1 egg, 1 primary endosperm cell with 2 nuclei, 5 cells that degenerate) |
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| Pollination and fertilization |
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| Pollen lands on carpel,tube grows from pollen down through carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization |
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| 1 sperm fertilizes egg to form diploid zygote, 1 sperm fertilizies primary endosperm cell to form triploid tissue (also going to be zygote food) |
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| Development of seeds and fruits |
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| Triploid endosperm cell-endosperm, ovary-fruit flesh, integument-seed coat, zygote-embryo |
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| Is to aid in seed dispersal: mechanical dispersal, wind dispersal, water dispersal, animals dispersal, bird dispersal |
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| Hypocotyl (root), epicotyl (shoot), cotyledon (seed leaves; dicots have 2, monocots have 1) |
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| Difference between monocots and dicots |
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| Development trajectories of a plant |
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| Meristem cells: protoderm-epidermal cells (guard cells, leaf hairs, root hairs), ground meristem-parenchyma cell (stem pith cell, root cortex cell)-collenchyma cell (various types)- sclerenchyma (various types), procambium - Phloem and xylem |
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