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When molecules are broken apart in respiration, a. The heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. b. The oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source. c. The energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ADP to form ATP. d. ATP is converted into ADP. e. ADP is released as a waste product. |
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Definition
| C. THE ENERGY RELEASED IN RESPIRATION IS CHANNELED INTO MOLECULES OF ADP TO FORM ATP. |
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| How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis? |
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| The end product of glycolysis is _______. |
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| Why is the Krebs Cycle significant? |
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Definition
| The Krebs cycle produces the majority of the NADH and FADH2 from the breakdown of glucose. |
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| Strenuous exercise for muscle cells increases CO2 production. Specifically, where is the CO2 coming from? |
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Definition
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| What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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| The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during electron transport phosphorylation is __________. |
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Definition
| the difference in H+ concentration of opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membranes driving ions across the membrane |
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| Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a substance body-builders use that causes membranes to become more permeable to H+ ions. What would you expect to happen to a male body builder that is given an injection of this substance and kept on the same diet throughout the experiment? |
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Definition
| His metabolic rate would decrease and he would gain weight. |
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Definition
| most cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration. |
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| If fermentation follows glycolysis, |
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Definition
| the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be recycled into NAD+, as pyruvate is converted into either lactate or ethanol and CO2. |
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Which of the following is true of glycolysis followed by fermentation? a. It produces a net gain of ATP. b. It produces a net gain of NAD+. c. It is an aerobic process. d. It can be performed only by bacteria. e. It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration. |
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Definition
| B. IT PRODUCES A NET GAIN OF NAD+. |
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Which of the following reactions would release energy? a. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP b. adding amino acids together to form a protein c. taking sugars off glycogen molecules d. A and B would release energy e. all of the above |
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Definition
| C. TAKING SUGARS OFF GLYCOGEN MOLECULES WOULD RELEASE ENERGY. |
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In which of the following reactions do the products have less stored potential energy than the starting reactants? a. converting monosaccharides into complex carbohydrates. b. photosynthesis c. digestion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine d. production of lactose from glucose and galactose in the mammary gland |
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Definition
| C. DIGESTION OF SUCROSE INTO GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction in which the ending set of molecules (the products) contains more energy than the starting set of molecules (the reactants) |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction in which the starting set of molecules (the reactants) contains more energy than the final set of molecules (the products) |
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| Without the enzyme Antabuse, the toxic _____ acetaldehyde is not converted to the harmless _____ acetate and symptoms like headache, nausea, vomiting, and flushed skin result. |
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Definition
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| During prolonged exercise, ATP is used at an incredible rate, and is repaid by aerobic respiration, specifically in the electron transport system. During electron transport, water is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in water come from? |
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Definition
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One diet-supplement called "Exercise in a Bottle" that claims to help you burn fat even while you are sleeping is actually pure pyruvate. In which of the following stages of metabolism can pyruvate be used? a. glycolysis b. creation of Acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs Cycle c. fermentation d. electron transport chain |
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Definition
B or C (creation of Acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs Cycle AND during fermentation) |
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| In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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| Why is it that after 10 minutes of exercise most of the ATP is generated by aerobic rather than anaerobic metabolic processes? |
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Definition
| Because the aerobic pathways, although much slower, can be used to make much more ATP that the anaerobic pathway can. |
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Term
If fermentation follows glycolysis, a. CO2 will be converted to ethanol b. the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will be recycled into NAD+, as pyruvate is converted into either lactate or ethanol and CO2 (depending on the organism). c. ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2. d. ATP is synthesized as H+ ions cross over the plasma membrane. e. enormous amounts of ATP are released. |
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Definition
| B. THE TWO NADH MOLECULES PRODUCED DURING GLYCOLYSIS WILL BE RECYCLED INTO NAD+, AS PYRUVATE IS CONVERTED INTO EITHER LACTATE OR ETHANOL AND CO2 (DEPENDING ON THE ORGANISM). |
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Which of the following important molecules transfer electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electon tranport system? a. ATP and CO2 b. CO2 and FADH2 c. FADH2 and NADH d. NADH and ATP e. NADH, FADH2, and ATP |
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Definition
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| During the big payoff in energy at the end of aerobic respiration, what activates the mitochondrial membrane protein, ATP synthase, to produce ATP? |
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Definition
| H+ ions flowing across the mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Term
| Suppose a yeast cell uses ten molecules of glucose as an energy source. No oxygen is available. What would be the maximum yield of ATP? |
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Definition
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In which stage(s) is no ATP produced? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. all of these e. none of these |
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Definition
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In which stage(s) is the most ATP produced? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. all of these e. none of these |
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Definition
| C. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM |
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Which of these stages occurs in the cytoplasm? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. all of these e. none of these |
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Definition
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Which of these stages occurs in the mitochondrial membranes? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. all of these e. none of these |
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Definition
| C. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM |
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Which of these stages requires oxygen directly? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. all of these e. none of these |
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Definition
| C. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM |
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| The majority of the actual weight (dry mass) gained by plants as they grow from seed to adult plants come from ________. |
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Definition
| substances dissolved in water taken up directly from plant roots |
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Term
| Assuming that a leaf's only pigment is chlorophyll, what wavelength of light is it best able to absorb? |
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Definition
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| almost all enzymes are _______ |
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Definition
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| enzymes don't provide energy, they just make reactions happen ______ and ______ |
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Definition
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| the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by a cell or larger organism; ATP and NAD+ allow cells to transfer the energy |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer energy from _______ breakdown of glucose to _______ addition of third phosphate to ___ to make ___ |
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Definition
| exergonic; endergonic; ADP; ATP |
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| two main types of energy-releasing pathways |
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Definition
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| energy-releasing pathway that requires O2 |
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Definition
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| energy-releasing pathway that does not require O2 |
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Definition
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| ________ cells get most of the energy from aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
1. glycolysis 2. acetyl CoA formation (optional step 2a. fermentation) 3. Kreb's Cycle 4. Electron Transport |
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GLYCOLYSIS a. O2 used? b. glucose C now product? c. # of ATP d. # of NADH |
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Definition
a. no b. 2 pyruvates 3. 2 4. 2 |
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Term
| exercising for long periods of time uses _______ respiration |
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Definition
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Term
Acetyl CoA formation 1. original C of glucose are now ______ 2. O2 used? 3. # of ATP 4. # of NADH |
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Definition
1. 2 CO2 + 2 acetyl CoA 2. 2 3. 0 4. 4 |
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Term
Kreb's cycle 1. original C of glucose are now ______ 2. # of ATP 3. # of NADH 4. # of FADH2 |
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Definition
1. 4 more CO2 2. 2 3. 6 4. 2 |
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Term
| optional stage 2a (fermentation) occurs when exercise under ________ conditions is prolonged |
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Definition
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Term
| the first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just transformed |
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Term
| the second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy transfers always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe |
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Definition
| a measure of the amount of disorder in a system; the greater the entropy, the greater the disorder |
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| example of an exergonic reaction |
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Definition
| starches breaking down into sugars |
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| examples of an endergonic reaction |
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Definition
| when simple glucose molecules are brought together to form glycogen, a storage form of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction in which an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction |
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Definition
| a nucleotide that functions as the most important energy transfer molecule in living things |
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Definition
| The energy of a particle or system of particles derived from position, or condition, rather than motion. A raised weight, coiled spring, or charged battery has potential energy. |
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Definition
| The energy possessed by a body because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its speed. |
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Definition
| the material or substance on which an enzyme acts |
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Definition
| A substance resulting from a chemical reaction. |
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Definition
| A substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction while undergoing no permanent change itself. The enzymes in saliva, for example, are catalysts in digestion. |
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Definition
| The part of an enzyme or antibody where a chemical reaction occurs |
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Definition
| A coenzyme, C21H27N7O14P2, occurring in most living cells and utilized alternately with NADH as an oxidizing or reducing agent in various metabolic processes. |
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Definition
| The metabolic breakdown of glucose and other sugars that releases energy in the form of ATP. |
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Definition
| a cycle of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids, and by which carbon dioxide is produced, oxygen is reduced, and ATP is formed |
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Definition
| the process by which certain groups of organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert this solar energy into chemical energy that is initially stored in a carbohydrate |
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Definition
| the organelles within plant and algae cells that are the sites of photosynthesis |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle (or C3 cycle) |
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Definition
| the set of steps in photosynthesis in which energetic electrons are brought together with carbon dioxide and a sugar to produce an energetic carbohydrate |
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Definition
| occurs during first steps of Calvin cycle; carbon dioxide is fixed into starting sugar, RuBP |
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Term
| 4 steps of the Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
1. bringing together of carbon dioxide and sugar 2. energizing the sugar 3. the food has arrived 4 regeneration of RuBP |
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Definition
| enzyme that brings together CO2 and the sugar RuBP in its active site |
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Definition
| enzyme responsible for the primary fixation of carbon dioxide in c4 plants. Carboxylates PEP phosphoenolpyruvate to give oxaloacetate. Also important in crassulacean acid metabolism, since it is responsible for carbon dioxide fixation in the dark. |
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Definition
| plants that use RuDP carboxylase to fix CO2 and the first organic molecule created is phosphoglycerat |
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Definition
| plants that use PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 and the first organic molecule is oxalacetic acid; photosynthesis occurs 6 times faster in these plants |
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Definition
| photosynthetic pigments in plants located in chloroplasts; used to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis to occur in plants |
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Definition
| The reaction taking place in the chloroplast in which the absorption of a photon leads to the formation of atp and nadph. |
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Definition
| reaction that utilizes ATP and NADHP to synthesize starch |
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Definition
| contains photosynthetic units with 200 or more molecules of chlorophyll a, small amounts of chlorophyll b, protein saddled carotenoid pigment, and a pair of specialized reaction-center molecules of chlorophyll called P700. All pigments in a photosystem are capable of absorbing photons, however, only the reaction-center molecules can really utilize the light energy. The other pigments aren’t worthless in the system, as they act sort of like an antenna in gathering and passing light energy along to the reaction-center. Iron-sulphur complexed proteins initially receive electrons from P700 and serve as primary electron acceptors for the units |
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Term
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Definition
| contains chlorophyll a, protein saddled beta-carotene, a small amount of chlorophyll b and special pair of reaction-center molecules of chlorophyll a otherwise called, P680. The photosystem has a primary electron acceptor called pheophytin or Pheo |
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