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Definition
A. Monocot- “one seed leaf” (cotyledon)
B. Eudicot- two cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 seed leaf. Parallel leaf veins. Complex arrangement of stems. Flowers have multiples of 3. Fibrous roots, no dominant one. |
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Definition
| 75% of all species. 2 seed leaves. branched leaf veins. Ring of bundles in stems. Flowers are multiples of 4 or 5. Tap root- one long vertical root with small branching roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| anchor, absorption, storing starch. Can be a tap root- one deep vertical root with branches OR fibrous- highly branched, shallow system. They have extensions of the outermost tissue layer(epidermis), called root hairs, which increase the surface are for absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
--stems- may be photosynthetic
-- leaves- obviously photosynthetic; node = place where leaf attaches to stem, internode = space between nodes, petiole = small stem that connects leaf to main stem
--flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| immature shoots (can be for stems, leaves, or flowers). Can be terminal or axillary |
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Term
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Definition
| apex (top) of plant, increases height, apical dominance- bud secretes hormones to prevent bushy growth |
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Definition
| lead to horizontal/bushy growth |
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Term
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Definition
| underground, horizontal stem for starch storage (ex. ginger) |
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Definition
| underground, rounded, for starch storage (potato) |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal stems above ground |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple tissue. Alive during maturity. They are the thin primary cell wall.Responsible for photosynthesis, food storage, cellular respiration, repair |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple tissue. Dead at maturity. Secondary cell wall made of lignin (support). Fiber cells are long and flexible. sclereid cells- stubby cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| transports water and minerals, made of sclerenchyma and parenchyma and dead, water conducting tracheids and vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| transports sugars, made of sclerenchyma, parenchyma, sieve tube (alive) and its companion cell |
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Term
| Dermal tissue (epidermis) |
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Definition
| covers and protects, secretes the cuticle on leaves and stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| xylem and phloem (transport and support) |
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Term
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Definition
| located between the dermal and vascular tissues, serves various functions (photosynthesis, starch storage, support) |
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Term
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Definition
| localized regions of undifferentiated dividing cells; generate all kinds of new tissue systems (“plant stem cells”). |
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Term
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Definition
| Done by Apical meristem. found at three types of buds: axillary, terminal (apical), root tips. Causes lengthening and lateral growth of shoots and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of secondary tissues (xylem and phloem). Comes from lateral meristem, which is found in two places: vascular cambium and cork cambium. Causes the widening of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest inner 2o xylem, no longer transports water and solutes, helps plants defy gravity and becomes a dumping ground for metabolic wastes such as resins and tannins, oils, etc which also help strengthen the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| located between the heartwood and the vascular cambium, still conducts water and xylem sap |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic interaction between fungus and young roots; dramatically increases SA for mineral absorption. Roots- relationship increases mineral absorption. Fungus – gets sugars and nitrogen rich compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic interaction between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and roots (plants cannot break the covalent bonds of nitrogen in air to USE it). Roots- get nitrogen. Bacteria- get sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| Special waxy cells which make up the plasma membrane which water and elements must cross to enter the vascular cylinder. |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy material surrounding the endoderm cells |
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Term
| Water transport through xylem of plants |
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Definition
Water moves through:
A. Transpiration – evaporation of water from leaves via the stomata
B. cohesion – water molecules stick together (chain) via hydrogen bonds
C. tension- the continuous pull from evaporation at the leaves permits more molecules of water to be pulled upward from roots
D. Control of water loss at stomata (regulate with the hormone ABA – abeissic acid)
1. Stomata open- guard cells have gained ions, followed by H2O, usually during the day
2. Stomata closed- guard cells lose ions and water, usually night
What influences opening?
-sunlight, hormones, temperature, low O2 levels |
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Term
| Translocation of carbohydrates (mostly in form of sucrose) in phloem |
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Definition
phloem are made of sieve tube cells which are living cells and can use ATP to actively transport molecules. A. sugar source- a site of photosynthesis (leaves/stems) or starch breakdown (tubers or bulbs in the spring)
B. sugar sink – site of starch storage (tubers and bulbs in the summer) or active growth (flowers or fruits, new roots and shoots)
C. Pressure flow theory: flow = sucrose moves from high pressure at the sugar source which pushes the sugary solution to the low pressure sink where the sucrose is removed
1. Active transport – of sucrose (starch is too big) from source cell to phloem, often against gradient
2. Osmosis- water follows the sucrose by osmosis into phloem --> high pressure at the source
3. The solution is “pushed” from: high pressure to low pressure sink
4. Sucrose exits phloem at sink: follows its concentration gradient
5. Osmosis – water follows into the sink cell |
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Term
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Definition
| produce spores by meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| produce gametes by mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular plants (seedless or seeded) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
male reproductive parts of flower; made of a: a. filament (stalk)
b. anther- contains pollen sacs, which contain pollen (male gametophyte) |
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Term
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Definition
female reproductive part; made of:
a. style (stalk)
b. stigma- at tip of style, pollen lands here
c. ovary- bulge at bottom of style
d. ovules- inside ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Have both carpel and stamen |
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Definition
| unevenly thickened cell walls, forms as patches or rings in many lengthening stems and in leaf stalk ribs. |
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Definition
| a body covering which helps the plant conserve water and deflect attacks by some pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| a photosynthetic parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| when plant cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic divisions they form haploid microspores. They have its own wall, which includes species-specific molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowering plants. One sperm nucleus from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus which forms a zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with both the nuclei in the endosperm mother cell. the outcome is a cell with a triploid (3n) nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| acidic compounds form in flowering plants, mosses, gymnosperms, ferns and some fungi. They are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction and leaf and fruit senescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| form in the apical meristems of shoots and coleoptiles. downward transport of them causes both structures to elongate by cell division. Can also ave inhibitory effects, such as preventing the growth of lateral buds along the elongating stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate rapid cell division in root and shoot meristems and in maturing fruits. they oppose auxin's effects; they make lateral buds grow. They also keep leaves from aging and are used to prolong the shelf life of cut flowers and other horticultural prizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the only gaseous plant hormone, helps control the growth of most tissues, fruit ripening, and leaf dropping and other aging responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| ABA. Growth inhibitor that has little to do with abscission. It causes stomata to close in water -stressed plants. It induces and maintains dormancy in buds and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the name for the biological response to change in the length of daylight relative to darkness over twenty-four hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of receptor, helps a plant detect changes in light. It absorsbs red and far-red wavelengths, with different results. Red ones activate phytochrome; far red ones inactivate it. |
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