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| the good of the whole, may be different from good of all individuals. |
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| internally directed, self-governing. |
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| an analysis of human conduct that details how people do behave in regard to one another. NOT how they should behave. |
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| special responsibility associated with a particular profession/occupation or social role, includes escription of how that responsibility is unique and essential to the legitimate societal role |
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| the discipline that looks at how people do and should act in regard to subjects of moral worth and members of the moral community |
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| style of moral judgment thats universal but not absolute, exceptionists believe there are justified exceptions to universal moral rules |
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| what all rational people want to avoid for themselves, unless good reasoning for wanting it. Irrational to want for ones self = immoral to cause another |
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| death, pain, disability, deprived of freedom or pleasure |
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| being deceived, cheated, have promises broken, law broken or duties neglected. |
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| the understanding by all competent human beings that other humans can suffer harm and want other people to refrain from them causing them to suffer those harms. |
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| how we would like people to act but don't think they have to act. Ideal action is morally encouraged but not required. |
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| the assumption that desirable outcomes can be obtained without causing harm |
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| a requirement for minimalist morality that requires that moral agents avoid causing harm to all without adequate justification. |
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| how one explains that behavior that causes harm is permitted in a particular case. ex- the act of lying. strongly justified if all rational, impartial adults would advocate same decision, not justified in none would, and weakly justified if those adults could go either way. |
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| a system of rules different from ethics, scope of law includes whats enforceable, moral scope excludes whatever causes unjustified harms |
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| all humans between birth and death, those who deserve moral protections equal to what all humans deserve. It is morally prohibited to cause a member of moral community unjustified harm without good reason. |
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| theory describes moral sophistication and the steps one follows in reaching moral sophistication |
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| arguments leading to conclusion of how people should behave in regard to one another. As differentiated from how they do behave. |
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| behavior within bounds of moral system. Example: to act in a way that causes no unjustified harm to others. |
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| behavior that is not morally permitted. Ex: to act in ways that cause others unjustified harms. |
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| behaviors an agent must do. You are morally required to meet RRR's and avoid causing unjustified harms to others. |
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| Role Related Responsibilities |
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| the unique duties associated with one of a person's multiple societal roles |
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| the voluntary assumption of responsibilities for a subject of moral worth. |
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| entities outside of moral community that still deserve moral consideration. This includes corpses, fetuses, animals, the environment, art and culture. |
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| expressions of what people desire of want to avoid. Ethical primary values articulate what people want to avoid or seek for their own good. Values are ranked by personal opinions. |
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| Fundamental Expectation of Ethics = |
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| Avoid causing unjustified harm. Further expectations are to do and promote the good. |
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| Meaning of Human Analogy = |
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| understanding that we can and should not cause harm to others. Understanding that as human the things you don't want are the same as I don't want |
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| Difference between expectation and privilege = |
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| Expectation is something you are expected to fufill, as a friend or mother. Privilege is something that a person who does not have your role does not have, as parent have privilege of directing daughter's choice and limiting her freedom so she will complete her homework, neighbor doesn't have this. |
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| Conditions for determining moral blame = |
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| Deciding if morally blameworthy - consider negligence/failure to complete RRR's, intention to hurt someone, could they have predicted that harm, and done the same without less harm. |
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| Different ways something can be morally "right" = |
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| If something is required by your RRR, like a surgeon to remove limbs. If you're acting paternalistic in the best interest of the child, incapacitated. |
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| subjects of moral worth = |
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| have rights but not equal to those in the moral community. Subjects of moral worth generally have stewards who have the special job of protecting them. Subjects = human corpses, fetuses, animals, art, culture, the environment. Anything that was or has potential to be human. Valued by majority of moral community, is intrinsically valuable. is essential for human survival. |
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| Difference between strongly, weakly and not justified = |
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| strongly justified - if all, impartial rational adults could advocate lying in a similar situation. Weakly justified - if those persons could go either way. Not justified - if no rational, impartial persons could advocate lying in situations with the same morally relevant features. |
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| Excuses that don't justify acting badly = |
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1. Other people do it. 2. Some authority told me to do it. 3. I didn't intend to hurt anyone (this might mitigate level of moral responsibility but doesn't change harm was caused.) 4. No one knew I did it.
Principle of impartiality - not okay to make an exception of yourself. |
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| Why you should want to be morally sophisticated = |
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| you can pull out your ethical tool kit and make independent choices that express one's own best self. Moral sophistication = a set of capacities, not how anyone acts all the time. reflects autonomous understanding of the principles that lie behind rules and expectations. Making best decision possible for everyone's best interest, expecting to gain more wisdom over time. |
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| the way things seem to be morally, you intuitively know if they're morally wrong. |
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| ethically prohibited - wrong actions, either neglect RRR's or cause unjustified harm. Ethically required - come directly from RRR what is essential of your duties, what is done to avoid unjustified harm. Ethically ideal - when person meets RRR's, avoids causing harm, and promotes the great good. Ethically permitted - those between continum of required and ideal ex the concept of good parenting for some is sports, others is arts and cultures of world, both okay. |
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