Term
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Definition
| Top. 1 inhibior- used to treat cancer, chemotherapeutic agent |
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Definition
| Top. II, induces negative supercoils for easier unwinding of DNA |
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Definition
| Inhibits Gyrase (Top. II) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Transcription- Prokayrotic Pol. I does what? |
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Definition
| Removes RNA primer and fills in gap with DNA on lagging strand |
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Term
Eukaryotic Transcription- RNase H and/or Fen1
(flap endonuclease) |
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Definition
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Term
| How is telomeric DNA replication different from that of other chromosomal regions? |
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Definition
| The DNA polymerase contains an RNA molecule that serves as template for DNA synthesis. |
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Term
| Transcription- Eukaryotic Polymerases B & E? |
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Definition
| Involved in repair of nuclear DNA |
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Term
| What is sensitive to a-amanitin? |
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Definition
| Translation- RNA pol. II- (mRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Depurinates adenine in the 28S rRNA thereby inactivating the large ribosomal subunit. alters the ability of the ribosome to interact with translation elongation factors |
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Definition
| inhibits RNA polymerase in bacterial cells by binding to the b-subunit of RNA polymerase. Rifampicin "makes the liver extremely active," hindering the effectiveness of other medications. Activates P450 enzymes thereby increasing the clearance of drugs from the body. |
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Term
| Using one example, explain how mutations in mitochondrial tRNA can cause disease. |
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Definition
| The mutated tRNA (leucine) reduces the amount of complex 1 that is made in the mitochondria, which affects the amount of ATP made. |
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Term
| Function of Shine-Delgarno sequence in Prokaryotic mRNA? |
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Definition
This sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the mRNA to initiate protein synthesis by aligning it with the start codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Pribnow box is an A-T rich sequence (TATAAT) located 10 base pairs upstream from the start site for transcription. This sequence is involved in the initial recognition of the promoter by RNA polymerase. |
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Term
| A promoter region of a gene is best described as: |
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Definition
| A site where RNA polymerases bind to DNA to initiate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
•Sigma factor functions to ensure that RNA polymerase binds
stably to DNA only at promoters. It increases the affinity of the RNA polymerase for the promoter. |
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Definition
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Term
| The closest equivalent to the σ (sigma) subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase in eukaryotes is: |
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Definition
| A set of “general” transcription factors |
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Term
Proteins involved with RNA processing are attached to the what?
-Capping factors
-Splicing factors
-Polyadenylation factors |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries out splicing of Eukaryotic DNA? |
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Definition
| A combination of snRNAs and proteins called spliceosomes |
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Term
| The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail are added in the production of mature eukaryotic mRNA. The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail have which respective functions? |
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Definition
Translation initiation- cap
Transcript stability- tail |
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Term
| Eukaryotic transcription termination requires... |
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Definition
| A termination signal sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a necessary protein from moving the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It is thought to act like a “torpedo” and knocks the polymerase off the DNA. |
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Term
| Degenerancy of gentetic code means? |
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Definition
| While each codon specifies one amino acid, each amino acid may have more than one triplet coding for it |
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Term
| Mutations that do not change the amino acid for which the codon is coding is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations that change the amino acid for which the codon is coding is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations that Change the codon to a stop codon are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Huntington disease, Fragile X syndrome, Myotonic dystrophy are all caused by what? |
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Definition
| Trinucleotide repeats in translation |
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Term
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Definition
The addition or subtraction of any nucleotides other than a multiple of three, causes a frame-shift.
Frame-shift create a protein that is usually “nonsensical” or “nonsensical and truncated”.
The amino acid sequence beyond the frame shift is always altered. |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases role in translation? |
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Definition
| Attaches amino acids to tRNAs |
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Term
| ATP and GTP roles in translation? |
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Definition
| ATP is needed to hook up tRNAs and amino acids; GTP is needed to translate the mRNA |
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Term
| How many high energy bonds does it take to activate an amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| When an amino acid is attached to AMP it is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When an amino acid is attached to tRNA it is called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Are 70S in size
Large subunit is 50S
contains 23S and 5S rRNA
Small subunit is 30S
contains 16S rRNA
Eukaryotic ribosomes
Are 80S in size
Large subunit is 60S
Contains 28S, 5.8S and 5S rRNA
Small subunit is 40S
Contains 18S rRNA |
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Term
How many amino acids?
How many codons? |
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Definition
20 amino acids
61 codons that correspond to amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibiotic that inhibits the formation of a peptide bond in prokaryotes during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibiotic that inhibits the formation of a peptide bond in eukarytoes during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates peptide bonds on ribosomes between amino acids at A and P sites during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| GTP for everything except to charge RNA, which uses ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to 30s subunit and distorts its structure, interfering with the iniation of protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interacts with small ribosomal subunits, blocking acces of the amino-acyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, interfering with t-RNA anticodon reading of m-RNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Bears a structural resemblance to amino-acyl tRNA and becomes incorporated into the growing peptide chain, thus causing inhibition of further elongation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Term
| Clindamycin and Erythromycin |
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Definition
| Bind irreversibly to a site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translocation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytoplasmic protein that transiently associates with the ribosome |
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Term
| Does formation of the peptide bond during protein synthesis have an energy requirement? |
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Definition
| No, it already obtained energy from attachment of an amino acid to its tRNA |
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Term
| Translation is terminated by .... |
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Definition
| a release factor (RF) and UGA, UAG, or UAA codons |
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Term
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Definition
Most messages are translated by more than one ribosome at a time.
These multi-simultaneously translated mRNA are called polysomes. |
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Term
| What is the complex of proteins called that binds to the cap structure in translation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a cytosolic iron binding protein expressed when iron is abundant in the cell..... Control of mRNAs translation by iron. |
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Term
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Definition
is a plasma membrane receptor important for the import of iron into the cytosol.
They are coordinately regulated, in opposite directions, by control of protein synthesis. Control of |
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Term
| One of the ways of controlling the synthesis of hemoglobin proteins is by the availability of heme. When heme is low a kinase called HCI is active. What translation initiation factor is phosphorylated by HCI thereby making it difficult to translate the globin mRNA in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interferon control in translation |
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Definition
Regulation of translation can also be induced in virally infected cells.
It would benefit a virally infected cell to turn off protein synthesis to prevent propagation of the viruses.
This is done by interferon. |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a bridge between the methyl cap binding subunit and the 40S subunit. |
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Term
| Poliovirus stops cellular translation by |
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Definition
cleaving one of the cap binding proteins (eIF4G). The consequence of this cleavage is that translation of cellular mRNAs stops.
But…the viral RNA is still translated due to the presence of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES).
This acts like a bacterial initiation site to allow Cap-independent initiation from internal AUG codons. |
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Term
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Definition
| stops translation by screwing up the translocation process. |
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