Term
| what are the three general classes of hormones? |
|
Definition
| peptide, tyrosine derivatives, and steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| which non steroid can diffuse through the membrane and bind to nuclear receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are steroids derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the classes of the steroid hormones |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoid, mineralcorticoid, and sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of glucocorticoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which non steroidal hormones belong to the steroid receptor super family? |
|
Definition
| thyroid, active metabolite of vit D3, and retinoic acid. |
|
|
Term
| where does a hormone stimulus originate? |
|
Definition
| external environment, or chemical signals and AP |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of the hormone signaling |
|
Definition
| limbic system-->hypothalamus-->pituitary-->target gland |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| it promotes reabsorption of Na in the kidney by acting on a Na/H antiporter |
|
|
Term
| corticosteroids have three functions and they are |
|
Definition
| Na uptake, stress adaptation, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects |
|
|
Term
| what gene produces the ACTH |
|
Definition
| POMC which is cleaved by AP to release ACTH and B-lipotropin. |
|
|
Term
| what product can be derived from the POMC gene? |
|
Definition
| ACTH, MSH, B-lipotropin, and beta endorphins |
|
|
Term
| where does ACTH stimulate specifically in the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
| zona fasiculata-->GCs, cortisol and corticosterone. |
|
|
Term
| binding of ACTH causes what pathway? |
|
Definition
| adenylate cyclase-->cAMP-->PKA |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of PKA in the adrenals? |
|
Definition
| increases mobilization and delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
|
|
Term
| what is converted to cortisol once PKA is activated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does increased cAMP promote in the adrenals? |
|
Definition
| transcription of the StAR protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the StAR protein |
|
Definition
| facilitates the translocation of cholesterol from the outer to inner membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does cortisol induce the release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is epinephrine located? |
|
Definition
| chromaffin cells of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of PNMT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect does cholesterol have on bone? |
|
Definition
| it increases turnover which can lead to osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| how does TSH bind in the cell |
|
Definition
| Adenylate Cyclase pathway |
|
|
Term
| where are TG vesicles secreted from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When TG crosses over the apical membrane, TG combines with Iodine to form T3,4 complex. what is the enzyme that catalyzes this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what removes DIT and MIT from the T3,4 complex inside the cell |
|
Definition
| deiodinase, which removes the iodine. |
|
|
Term
| how is DIT and MIT cleaved from the complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthesis and structure of the thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1. Iodine is oxidized by peroxidase
2. I2 + tyrosine->MIT or DIT
3. DIT + DIT->T4
4. DIT + MIT->T3 |
|
|
Term
| how does T3, 4 increase metabolic rate |
|
Definition
| increasing activity of Na/K ATPase and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what cells do FSH act on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of FSH in the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| it increases the production of androgen binding protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of ABP? |
|
Definition
| helps maintain high androgen levels in the testis important for development of sperm |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothalamus release in response to growth hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GH->IGFs (from liver)->somatic cell growth |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of GH on adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of GH on muscle |
|
Definition
| increased protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what effect does the GH have on the liver? |
|
Definition
| increased gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of GH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are GH deficiencies corrected in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin is encoded with this other gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimuli from OSMORECEPTORS resulting in an increase in extracellular salt conc.
baroceptors responding to fall in BP. |
|
|
Term
| where are ADH and neurophysin stored? |
|
Definition
| nerve endings of hypothalamic neurons that project to the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes water reabsorption into the blood stream which causes increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| where specifically does ADH act on the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pituitary diabetes insipidus due to |
|
Definition
| lack of vasopressin (mutaions, head trauma) |
|
|
Term
| nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is |
|
Definition
| decreased renal response to ADH secretion |
|
|
Term
| these hormones induce aldosterone release by the glomerulosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does angiotensin 2 increase BP |
|
Definition
| constricts vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of Ach on aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
| increase secretion of aldosterone |
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