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| The series of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process. |
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| used for prophylaxis, treatment & prevention of malaria. Some antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus associated arthritis. |
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| an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step. |
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| the liquid found inside cells. In eukaryotes, this liquid is separated by cell membranes from the contents of the organelles suspended in the cytosol. |
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| the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism. In conventional medicine, detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion, antidotes or dialysis. |
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| a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. Contains oxidant purine glycosides that contribute to hydrogen peroxide formation. |
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| a fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon. The ?-D-form of this compound is very common in cells, and the vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell will become converted to this at some point. |
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| catalized from glucose by hexokinasewill proceed to glycolysis or glycogen synthesis. |
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| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - |
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| cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). |
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| antioxidant, helps protect cells from reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. Its a tripeptid and contains a peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain. |
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| the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage. The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water. |
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| an enzyme that reduces glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant. |
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| Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate- |
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| an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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| is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Present in all cell types. |
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| hydrogen peroxide, which is a product made naturally by humans during oxidative metabolism, it is a potent free radical |
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| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt- |
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| another name for the pentose phosphate pathway |
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| a one way reaction, usually a reaction with a very negative delta G |
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| produced by the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, it is an antioxidant which reduces free radicals to keep them from harming cells |
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| a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where 5-carbon sugars are synthesized; alternative to glycolysis (reversible) |
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| a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where NAD+ is reduced to NADPH using the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate (nonreversible) |
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| NADPH is used for detoxification in reducing oxidized glutathione |
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| Pentose Phosphate Pathway- |
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| (hexose monophosphate shunt) Makes NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and Ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. A process that generates NADPH and pentoses. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. |
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| (H2O2) product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase |
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| medication used in the treatment of malaria and pneumocystis pneumonia |
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| enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme reaction binds to the enzyme and inhibits its activity |
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| 6-phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase- |
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| enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway; forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate |
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| product of the glutathione reductase reaction |
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| NADPH is used for reductive synthesis: fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid chain elongation, cholesterol synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, superoxide synthesis |
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| a reaction that can go both ways, many endergonic reactions will be able to go both ways with positive delta G. |
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| product in both oxidative and non-oxidative pathways of the pentose phosphate pathway |
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| Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)- |
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| chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen; examples include oxygen ions and peroxides |
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| synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group; in bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. |
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| (thiol group) sulfur analogue of an alcohol; GSH is a product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase and of the glutathione reductase reaction |
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| an anion with the chemical formula O2?. With one unpaired electron, the superoxide ion is a free radical |
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| absorbic acid; a water soluble vitamin |
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| alpha-tocopherol; a fat soluble vitamin that is an important antioxidant and protects against free radicals in the body |
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