Term
| Transaminases(aminotransferases) |
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Definition
| remove the amino group from one amino acid and transfer it to an alpha keto acid |
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Term
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Definition
| deaminates glutamate to yield alpha ketoglutarate and NH4+ |
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Term
| Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I |
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Definition
| generation of carbamoyl phosphate from basic ingredients |
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Term
| Ornithine Transcarbamoylase |
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Definition
| Generates citrulline from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate |
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Term
| Argininosuccinate Synthase |
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Definition
| Generates argininosuccinate from aspartate and citrulline |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks argininosuccinate into L-Arginine and Fumarate |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts L-arginine to urea and Ornithine |
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Term
| Glutaminase (renal or intestinal) |
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Definition
| Converts glutamine to glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes glutamine from glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes alpha ketoglutarate and NH3 from glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by chief cells- activated to pepsin by HCL- cleaves proteins into smaller fragments |
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Term
| Enteropeptidase and Aminopeptidase |
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Definition
| Digest proteins to free amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Activates Chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaves middle of protein |
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Term
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Definition
a lipase that releases fatty acids from the C2 position of membrane phospholipids
-Think Arachidonic Acid to Eicosanoid production |
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Term
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Definition
| -hydrolyzes phosphate and therefore polar head groups from glycerophospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts arachidonic acid into HPETE, leukotrienes, HETE, and lipoxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts arachidonic acid into epoxides diHETE and HETE |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires reduced glutathione to convert PGG2 to PGH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| makes prostacyclins in vascular smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
BIG DEAL- rate limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis- converts HMG-CoA to Mevalonate
TARGET OF DRUG THERAPY (STATINS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of acetoacetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Acidic enzymes within lysosomes for hydrolysis of cholesterol esters, phospholipid, and other lipids |
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Term
| ACAT- Acyl:cholesterol Acyltransferase |
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Definition
esterifies fatty acid from fatty acyl CoA to cholesterol in TISSUES
-transfers acyl from AcylCoA to cholesterol to make cholesterol ester |
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Term
| LCAT- Lecithin: cholesterol Acyltranferase |
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Definition
| Esterifies fatty acid from lecithin to cholesterol WITHIN HDL PARTICLES- FOUND IN BLOOD |
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Term
| CETP- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein |
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Definition
| Exchanges cholesterol ester for triglcyerides between HDL and VLDL |
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Term
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Definition
Makes Malonyl CoA- RATE LIMITING STEP OF FA SYNTHESIS
REQUIRES: Biotin, ATP, and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks citrate back into AcetylCoA and OAA after it leaves the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
Generates NADPH by oxidative decarboxylation
Converts malate to pyruvate for shuttling back into mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA to make palmitic acid (FA) |
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Term
| Fatty Acyl CoA Desaturase |
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Definition
Puts double bonds into fatty acids
Requires: O2, NADH, and cyt b5 (Fe) |
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Term
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Definition
| ONLY IN LIVER- converts glycerol to Glycerol-3-Phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks TGS into FAs for transport into muscles and adipose
-Requires ApoCII on VLDL or Chylomicron for activation of LPL |
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Term
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Definition
inside adipose hydrolyzes TG to form fatty acids and glycerol
-activated by low insulin levels and phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaves the 1-acyl (first long chain) of a glycerophospholipid |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaves JUST THE HEAD GROUP from glycerophospholipids, leaving phosphatidic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrolyzes ester linkages in DIETARY triacylglycerol prior to absorption |
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Term
| Linguinal and Gastric Lipases |
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Definition
| Hydrolyze TGs (preferentially short and medium chain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic- relieves bile acid inhibition of lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts cholesterol ester to cholesterol |
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Term
| Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP) |
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Definition
| Adds lipid to chylomicron |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Glucose to G-6-P in liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Glucose to G-6-P outside of the liver |
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Term
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
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Definition
| Converts Fructose-6-P to Fructose 1,6-bis-P |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate BACK to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Fructose 1,6-P back to Fructose-6-P |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts pyruvate to 2 lactates |
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Term
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Definition
Converts Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate
-BIOTIN DEPENDENT |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Alanine to Pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Trehalose to Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Sucrose to Glucose or Fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| LIVER- converts fructose to F-1-P |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Fructose-1-P into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts glycogen and starch to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Alternative glucose metabolic pathway creates sorbitol
ALSO MAKES GALACTITOL FROM GALACTOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts sorbitol to Fructose |
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Term
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Definition
Converts galactose to Galactose 1-P
(Non-classical galactosemia) |
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Term
| Galactose 1-P Uridylyltransferase |
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Definition
Converts Galactose-1-P to UDP Galactose
(Classical galactosemia) |
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Term
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Definition
Major enzyme to convert 5C to 6C to reenter glycolysis after PPP
REQUIRES THIAMINE |
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Term
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
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Definition
Returns G-6-P to PPP, but also catalyzes GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
-can be G-6-PD deficient= hemolytic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Converts Homocysteine and Serine into Cystathionine
-Deficient in primary homocysteinuria |
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Term
| Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH) |
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Definition
Converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
-if deficient, phenylketonuria |
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Term
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Definition
Converts homogentisate to Fumarate and Acetoacetate
-deficient in Alcaptonuria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Uridyl Transferase (UDP-Glucose Pyrophophorylase) |
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Definition
| Converts G-1-P to UDP-Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongates glycogen by one sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds branches to glycogen stem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Removes 3 units from glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins carb digestion in mouth |
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Term
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Definition
Cleaves Alpha 1,4 linkages in small intestine
DEGRADES MALTOSE AND MALTOTRIOSE |
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Term
| Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex |
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Definition
Degrades sucrose and maltose
(Alpha 1,6 bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks down LACTOSE
***LACTOSE INTOLERANCE*** |
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Term
| UDP-NAcGlc Phosphotransferase |
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Definition
Converts O-Mannose to O-Mannose-6-P-1-NAcGlc
DEFECTIVE IN I CELL DISEASE |
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Term
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Definition
Digests GalNaC
Defective in Tay Sachs |
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Term
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) |
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Definition
| Converts ethanol to Acetaldehyde |
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Term
| Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) |
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Definition
| Converts Acetaldehyde to Acetate |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Acetate to AcetylCoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde using CYP2E1 (cytochrome P450) |
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