Term
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Definition
| enzymes involved in shuttling carbon atoms involvedin gluconeogenesis from the mitochondria to the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
lactate produced in muscle tissue is
converted to ____ by ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| the biosynthesis of glucose from pyruvate involves one intermediate that is different from thos in the glycolytic pathway: |
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Term
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Definition
| key enzyme in glycogen degradation |
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Term
| addition of a phosphate to a serine residue |
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Definition
| how is phosphorylase b converted into phosphorylase a? |
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Term
| for glucose export to other tissues when glucose levels are low |
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Definition
| what is the function of liver glycogen degradation? |
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Term
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Definition
| center of a glycogen molecule |
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Term
| transferase and alpha-1,6-glucosidase |
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Definition
| enzymes required to cleave alpha-1,6-glycosidic branches in glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| creates 1,6 glycosidic linkange |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP is called the energy currency. The currency of reducing power is? |
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Term
| generate NADPH and synthesize 5 carbon sugars |
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Definition
| Purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway? |
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Term
glucos-6-phosphate ->
glucose & fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ->
fructose-6-phosphate |
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Definition
| two of the reactions in glycolysis that are driven by ATP hydrolysis are catalyzed by different enzymes in the reverse direction during gluconeogenesis. What are these reactions in the direction of gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| the immediate product of the degradation of glycogen by phosphorylase: |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacyglycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| how many rounds of beta oxidation would be required for a 16 C fatty acyl chain to be degraded to acetyl CoA? |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Cori cycle, what circulates in the bloodstream from liver to muscle? |
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Term
| beta-ketoacyl ACP synthetase |
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Definition
| the reaction which catalyzes the addition of an activated 2 carbon compound with an activated 3 carbon compound in the synthesis of a fatty acid |
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Term
| ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA |
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Definition
| the function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase? |
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Term
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Definition
| committed step of fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the common precurser for both the phosphatidyl inositols and triacylglycerols? |
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Term
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Definition
| the starting materials necessary to synthesize sphingosines |
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Term
| acetyl CoA & acetoacetyl CoA |
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Definition
| HMG CoA is synthesized from: |
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Term
|
Definition
| conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate is carried out by the enzyme: |
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Term
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase |
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Definition
| feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis is mainly controlled at the step catalyzed by the enzyme |
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Term
| pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate, which is couple to ATP hydrolysis and then to phosphoenolpyruvate which is couple to GTP synthesis |
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Definition
| how is phosphoenolpyruvate generated from pyruvate during gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
| it hydrates a double bond to form a 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA |
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Definition
| what is the function of enoyl-CoA hydratase of the beta-oxidation pathway? |
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Term
| prostacyclin, thromboxane, and prostaglandins |
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Definition
| acetylation of serine on cyclooxygenase enzymes leads to the reduction of which lipid mediator(s)? |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium binds and leads to the activation of what enzymes in glycogen degradation? |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle phosphorylase is mostly inactive when |
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Term
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Definition
| which sugar is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate by a single enzymatic step? |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in ATP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in AMP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in citrate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
| increace in acetyl CoA (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
1. fatty acid in cytoplasm
2. activation of fatty acid by joining of acetyl CoA
3. reaction with carnitine
4. acyl CoA in the mitochondrion
5. FAD-linked oxidation
6. hydration
7. NAD+ linked oxidation
8. thiolysis |
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Definition
| order of beta oxidation of fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of glycogen where the anomeric carbon is free to convert from the open to closed conformation |
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Term
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Definition
| prosthetic group tightly bound to the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
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Definition
| carries free fatty acids in the blood serum |
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Term
|
Definition
| this compound is considered one of the ketone bodies |
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Term
| dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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Definition
| reduction of this metabolite supplies G3P for acyl glycerol synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the availability of this metabolite determines whether acetyl-CoA made from fatty acids can enter the citric acid cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol and triacylglycerols are tansported in body fluidsin this form |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of forming glucose from amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gluconeogenesis step responsible for reversing pyruvate kinase is |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that carboxylates pyruvate to oxaloacetate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transport of oxaloacetate produced by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase utilizes the mitochondrial and cytosolic emzyme: |
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Term
| transferase & alpha 1,6 glucosidase |
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Definition
| in order to degrade branches in glycogen, two enzymes are required: |
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Term
|
Definition
| phosphoglucomutase requires the intermediate ______ for ine interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle by initiating a cAMP signal-transduction cascade |
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Term
|
Definition
| the hydrolysis catalyzed by alpha 1,6 glucosidase releases a: |
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Term
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Definition
| the reaction catalyzed by ______ transfers UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl of an existing glycogen core |
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Term
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Definition
| primer that polymerizes the first few glucose molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycogen synthase is converted into the active form by the action of: |
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Term
| 6-Phosphogluconolactonase |
|
Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester linkafe of the lactone, resulting in the ring opening |
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Term
| ribose sugers and reducing power |
|
Definition
| two key components required from growth |
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Term
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| committed step of pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| isomers with multiple asymmetric centers differing in only one asymmetric center |
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Term
|
Definition
| the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway produces _____ which is required for lipid bioshynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the degradation of fatty acids occurs in the: |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulatine the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-senstitive lipase |
|
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Term
| propionyl CoA and acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
| beta-oxidation of odd numbered fatty acids produces: |
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Term
|
Definition
| the final step of each round of oxidation of fatty acids is the _____ to yeild actyl CoA |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxaloacetate spontaneously decarboxylates to form: |
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Term
|
Definition
| the brain uses _____ instead of glucose during long-term fasting |
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Term
| acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybuterate |
|
Definition
| referred to as ketone bodies and are major fuel sources for muscle tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| untreated, chronic ketone body productioni will _____ blood pH levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the cytosol citrate is cleaved to its 2- and 4-carbon components by _____ to makes acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed from acetyl CoA by the addition of CO2 using biotin cofactor of the enzyne acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first reaction of fatty acid synthesis is the transfer of the actyl to a _____ froup of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids are generated cytoplasmically while the acetyl CoA is made in the mitochondrion by: |
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Term
|
Definition
| acetyl CoA formed in the nitochondria is transported into the cytoplasm as: |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates fatty acid synthesis by activating a protein phosphate that removes a phosphate from acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
|
Definition
| The glycogen phosphorylase enzyme carries out a phosphorolysis reaction resulting in the formation of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glycogen synthase adds glucose units to growing glycogen molecules using which molecule? |
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Term
| many terminal glucose residues, where either glycogen phosphorylase or glycogen synthase can react. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) |
|
Definition
| considered the glucose sensor in liver cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Phosphopentose epimerase can convert ribulose 5-phosphate to |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzymes operates in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| For the pentose phosphate pathway, which of the following best summarizes the reversible reaction catalyzed by transaldolase? |
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Term
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate |
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Definition
| Transketolase can convert erythrose 4-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate to what two products? |
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Term
| cell to breakdown glycogen |
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Definition
| The cleavage of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids is performed by lipases. The signaling process initiating the activation of lipases is the same as that which signals the: |
|
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Term
| can be used as either a source of energy or for gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| The glycerol produced during the lipolysis of triglycerides |
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Term
| is transferred to another molecule that is involved in transport of the fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix. |
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Definition
| Fatty acids are activated by attachment to coenzyme A at the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the resulting fatty acyl-coenzyme A is not degraded until it reaches the mitochondrial matrix. The fatty acyl-coenzyme A |
|
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Term
| fatty acid degradation through the citric acid cycle does not lead to a net increase in oxaloacetate |
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Definition
| Animals are not capable of converting fatty acids into glucose because |
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Term
|
Definition
| Why is vitamin B12 essential in fatty acid degradation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid synthesis? |
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Term
| Pantothenic acid is a cofactor for the acyl carrier protein. |
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Definition
| Why is the vitamin called pantothenic acid (or pantetheine) essential in fatty acid biosynthesis? |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, fatty acids are attached to the glycerol 3-phosphate in the form of: |
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Term
| is added to diacylglycerol after removal of the phosphate group from phosphatidate. |
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Definition
| In the synthesis of triglycerides, the third fatty acid: |
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Term
|
Definition
| In sphingolipids, what is unique about the way in which a fatty acid is attached to sphingosine to produce ceramides? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of cholesterol involves condensations of five-carbon units from isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Which of the following summarizes the sequence of these condensations? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The –OH group of cholesterol and subsequent –OH groups added in the synthesis of steroid hormones are derived from what molecule? |
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Term
|
Definition
| is mammals, phosphatidate is synthesized in the outer mitochondrial membrain and the : |
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Term
|
Definition
| A _____ is composed of a fatty acid linked to sphingosine via an amide bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| 9 carbon sugar that is a compnent of gangliosides |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the biosynthesis of sphingomyelin, the terminal hydroxyl group of ceramide is substituted with: |
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Term
|
Definition
| in membrane-lipid biosynthesis, the nucleotide _____ is used to activate the components of the reaction |
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Term
| mevalonate, HMG-CoA reductase |
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Definition
| the synthesis of _____ by _____ is the commited step in cholesterol biosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| 30-Carbon precurser of cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
| majot carrier of cholesterol ESTERS in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| vitamin D3 is converted into _____, which is the active hormone that functions as a transcription factor |
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