Term
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Definition
| the study of the chemistry of biological molecules |
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Term
| most biological molecules are composed of which elements? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the major components of a prokaryotic cell |
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Definition
| cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, storage granules, cytosol, and flagella |
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Term
| name the major components in a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| extracellular matrix, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoskeleton, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria |
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Term
| what is the purpose of cell wall in plant cells |
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Definition
| to withstand water pressure |
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Term
| what makes water so special |
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Definition
| structure: gives overall dipole moment; polar so it can H bond |
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Term
| what are the effects of water's polarity? |
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Definition
| cohesiveness due to H bonding, dipole moment influences intermolecular interactions (ie enzyme mechanisms, protein folding) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do cells and organisms maintain pH? |
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Definition
| by buffers such as phosphate, histidine, and bicarbonate |
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Term
| why are strong acids/bases really bad buffers? |
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Definition
| they dissociate completely in solution |
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Term
| what is the typical buffer in living cells? |
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Definition
| phosphate, because it has three protons tha can dissociate |
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Term
| what is the henderson-has equation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.choose buffer system w/pka close to pH
2. Use H-H to calc ration of Ha to A-
3. solve for HA in terms of A-
4. Solve for A- |
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Term
In the titration curve, what does
a) pka indicate
b) isoelectric point |
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Definition
a) proton deprotonated 50/50
b) completely deprotonated, or overall neutral charge |
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Term
| is the lowest/highest pka proton deprotonated first? |
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Definition
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Term
| are lipids soluble in nonpolar or polar solvents? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many carbons typically in fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structure of a TAG |
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Definition
| three fatty acid chains esterified to a glycerol |
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Term
| are TAGs a good source of E? why/why not? |
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Definition
| yes, because righ source of reduced C's |
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Term
| what is the most common lipid in biological membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structure of glycerophospholipids? |
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Definition
| 2 fatty acids chains and one phosphate group |
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Term
| what is phosphatidic acid? |
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Definition
| the simplest glycerophospholipid; parent for the generation of others |
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Term
| in a glycerophospholipids, what is usually attached to C(1) and C(2)? |
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Definition
C(1): saturated fatty acid
C(2): unsaturated fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more isoprenes linked together |
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Term
| is cholesterol in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is cholesterol important? |
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Definition
| it plays a huge role in animal cells and its an important component in lipid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| it goes right through the cell membrane and to the nucleus where it binds to DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| when the conc of lipids is above the CMC |
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Term
| what are integral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| polypeptide chain extends through the membrane; nonpolar aa's are in the membrane |
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Term
| what are peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| polypeptide doesn't extend through the membrane; interacts with the surface of the membrane; hooks onto lipids and anchors it well |
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Term
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Definition
along the membrane there are clusters:
1. lipid clustering
2. protein clusters
3. membrane rafts; cell puts everything it needs in one place (rich in proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| more charged lipids are on one side |
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Term
| are carbohydrates soluble in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the bonds called b/w carbohyrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| An aldose with at least ___ carbons is chiral |
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Definition
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Term
| a ketose with at least ___ carbons is chiral |
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Definition
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Term
| can yeasts break down a beta linkage? |
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Definition
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Term
| name some storage polysaccharides |
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Definition
1. starch: mix of amylose and amylopectin
2. glycogen: basically it is amylopectin
3. dextran: all linkages are branched |
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Term
| name some structural polysaccharides |
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Definition
1. chitin: hooked by beta links
2. cellulose: H bonding is important |
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Term
| what is the enzyme in saliva |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base bound to sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate bound to nucleoside |
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Term
| what is more soluble, nitrogenous base or nucleoside? |
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Definition
| nucleoside, because it is bonded to a sugar |
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Term
what is the 5' end?
what is the 3' end? |
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Definition
5': phosphate on the end
3': sugar on the end |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| is the formation of peptide bond favorable or not? |
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Definition
| energetically unfavorable |
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Term
| at pH 7, does an acidic aa have a positive or negative net charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the 1 structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| the linear sequence of aa's |
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Term
| what is the 2 structure of proteins |
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Definition
| folding of aa polymer into helices and sheets |
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Term
| what is the 3 structure of proteins |
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Definition
| complete folding of aa chain in 3D space |
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Term
| what is the 4 structure of protein |
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Definition
| interaction of multiple folded aa chains in 3D space |
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Term
| what are the helix formers? |
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Definition
| Ala, Glu, Phe, His, Ile, Leu, Met, Gln, Arg, Trp, Tyr |
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Term
| what are the helix breakers? |
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Definition
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Term
| do beta turns promote the formation of anti-parallel sheets? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does "alpha 2" refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does "alpha beta" refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does "alpha two beta two" refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is gel filtration chromatography based on? |
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Definition
| molecular size; the larger molecules travel fasther bc the small beads get stuck in the beads' caves |
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Term
| what is ion exchange chromatography based on? |
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Definition
| charged proteins bind to beads and travel slower than the uncharged proteins |
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Term
| what is affinity chromatography based on? |
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Definition
| proteins bind to beads with specific reagent bound to them, and they are eluted by changing the pH or ionic strength |
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Term
| Hydrophobic Chromatography |
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Definition
| the greater amount of hydrophobicity, the stronger it sticks to the column |
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Term
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Definition
| separates molecules based on migration in electric field (run from neg to pos) |
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Term
| native PAGE electrophoresis |
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Definition
| based on the amount of charge affected by molecular size; small protein passes through faster |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller proteins run faster because of SDS binding; based on molecular size |
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Term
| Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis |
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Definition
| proteins migrate based on charge; move until it hits another molecule with the same charge |
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