Term
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Definition
| An acid metabolite overloads the buffering capacity of the serum resulting in decreased bicarbonate levels. CO2 levels increase as a result which may lead to hyperventilation (Kussmaul breathing). Examples include diabetes, lactic acidosis, loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea, etc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy |
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Definition
gait/balance disorders, abnormal
eye movement, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
•low production of ATP
•Decreased production of neurotransmitters from metabolic intermediates
•Edema in the brain
•Deregulation of intracellular calcium levels
•Necrosis and apoptosis→tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
•Drop in pH can lead to tissue damage
•Toxic metabolite accumulation
•Increased oxidative stress
•Increased glucocorticoid production
•Vascular damage
•Necrosis and apoptosis→tissue damage |
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Term
| how many molecules of ATP produced by one molecule of FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many molecules of ATP produced by one molecule of NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| •Every molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the TCA cycle produces *** |
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Definition
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Term
| ***is generated from reactions involving the oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes |
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Definition
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Term
| ***is generated from reactions in which the hydrogen atoms are donated in two consecutive events; example: double bond formation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the concept by which electron transport and the proton gradient derived from electron transport is used in the formation of ATP |
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Term
| the increased concentration of protons within the inner membrane space creates a charge differential across the inner mitochondrial membrane that can be used by the *** to generate ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Succinate dehydrogenase) is a TCA enzyme that also participates in electron transport |
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Term
| A *** is a measure of a compound’s ability to donate electrons. The more *** the value, the more willing the compound is to donate electrons |
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Definition
| standard reduction potential (E0’), negative |
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Term
| (in cytosol, thru glycolysis) 1 glucose= |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP |
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Term
| (in mitochondrion: thru pyruvate dehydrogenase and krebs cycle) 2 pyruvate= |
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Definition
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Term
| (in mitochondrion: thru pyruvate dehydrogenase and krebs cycle) 2 acetyle CoA= |
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Definition
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Term
| net result in mitochondrion= |
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Definition
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Term
| Total ATP generated per molecule of glucose: |
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Definition
10 NADH and 2 FADH2
(10 NADH X 3 ATP/NADH) + (2 FADH2 X 2 ATP/NADH) = 34
=34 + 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) + 2 GTP = 38 |
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Term
| A low *** stimulates the ATP synthase to make more ATP. This requires increased levels of *** in the inner membrane space and thus increased flow of electrons through the electron transport chain. To meet these demands, the *** must generate more NADH/FADH2 through the oxidation of fuels |
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Definition
| ATP/ADP ratio, protons, TCA cycle |
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Term
| The heat production in the absence of ATP generation is termed *** |
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Definition
| nonshivering thermogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| ***, which is found in brown fat, is classified as an “uncoupler” because it allows protons to flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix of the mitochondria independently of ATP synthesis |
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Term
| The symptoms associated with dietary deficiencies of iron are due to: |
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Definition
| (1) decreased oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin and (2) inadequate flow of electrons through the electron transport chain |
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Term
| Complex I inhibition (of electron transport chain): |
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Definition
| amobarbital (barbiturate), rotenone (insecticide), piericidin A (antibiotic) |
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Term
| Complex III inhibition (of electron transport chain) |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex IV inhibition (of electron transport chain): |
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Definition
| cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide |
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Term
| ATP synthase inhibiton (at electron transport chain): |
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Definition
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Term
| 13 of the 120 proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are encoded by *** |
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Definition
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Term
| Tissues that have the highest ATP demand (skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, liver, kidney, CNS) are impacted the most by defects in *** |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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