Term
| what does negative delta G mean |
|
Definition
| reaction is spontaneous; releases heat (exergonic) |
|
|
Term
| what does positive delta G mean |
|
Definition
| reaction isn't spontaneous; absorbs heat (endergonic) |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when delta G equals 0 |
|
Definition
| reaction is at equilibrium and no energy change occurs |
|
|
Term
| what is maximum work equal to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is delta G for hydrolysis of ATP forming ADP |
|
Definition
| -32 kJ/mol 1 mol of ATP has 32 more kJ of stored energy than ADP |
|
|
Term
| what is delta G for hydrolysis of ATP forming AMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is detla G of ATP>AMP more exergonic? |
|
Definition
| PPi is rapidly degraded by pyrophosphatase, so the conc of PPi is very low, so that drives the reaction |
|
|
Term
| energy released by catalysis is stored in the chemical form of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is anabolism characterized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are reducing equivalents from nutrients stored in oxidation reactions of catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the source of reducing equivalents for the reduction reactions of anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maintained NAD+/NADH ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maintained NADP+/NADPH ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maintained ATP/(ADP+AMP) ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Delta G and Delta Go in and out of equilibrium |
|
Definition
| They will be equal in equilibrium and not out of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| describe phosphate transfer potential |
|
Definition
| A com[pound with a more negative Delta Go can transfera phosphate to a compound with a more positive Delta Go |
|
|
Term
| in catabolism, what are nutrients oxidized with? |
|
Definition
NAD+ and FAD
CAT = NAD and FAD |
|
|
Term
| the energy released in catabolism of stored nutrients is stored in: |
|
Definition
| reducing cofactors: NADH and FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of oxidized form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of reduced form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you want a lot of NAD+ comopared to NADH? |
|
Definition
| so you have enough NAD+ for catabolism of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why do u want a lot of NADPH compared to NADP+ |
|
Definition
| so you have enough for anabolism |
|
|
Term
| reducing equivalents have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reducing equivalents are for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the overall glycolysis reaction |
|
Definition
| glucose+2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ >>> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH |
|
|
Term
| under what conditions is glycolysis the main energy provider |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is required to get energy from pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do R BCs use only glucose for energy |
|
Definition
| they have no mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the first reaction in glycolysis and why does it happen |
|
Definition
glucose>>>glucose-6-phosphate
to prevent diffusion of glucose out of GLUT |
|
|
Term
| what are the first 3 reactions of glycolysis called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the first 3 reactions of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 ATP are used to form fructose-1,6 biphosphate (a more reactive molecule) |
|
|
Term
| what are the last 7 reactions called (of glycolysis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first step of the energy output stage of glyc? |
|
Definition
| cleave hexose to 2 triose |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the 2 phosphate groups on 1,3-BPG |
|
Definition
| transferred to ADP to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| what happens to pyruvate? |
|
Definition
| oxidation (catabolism) to CO2 in TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is the major energy producing pathwya in anaerobic cells? |
|
Definition
| oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 in TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| what happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions/cells without a mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate is reduced to lactate |
|
|
Term
| what is the reducing agent when pyruvate is reduced to lactate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must be regenerated under anaerobic conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in yeast and some bacteria, what happens to pyruvate? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| ATP using reactions use what as substrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP producing reactions use what as substrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total number of ATP produced in glycolysis? Net? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delta G for glycolysis in cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which reactions are exergonic in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All reactions (other than 1,3,10) have what delta G? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glycolysis steps are regulated |
|
Definition
| 1,3,10 (they are ireversible) |
|
|
Term
| how are the 3 regulated steps kinases? names? |
|
Definition
allosterically regulated by kinases
hexokinase
PFK-1
pyruvatekinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes committed step of glycolysis and is the regulated step |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate (useing PFK-1) |
|
|
Term
| write out steps of glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pyruvate recycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under aerobic conditions, how is NAD+ regnerated |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| which 2 steps produce ATP in stage 1? |
|
Definition
glucose>glucose-6-P
fructose-6-P>fructose-1,6-bisP |
|
|
Term
| which enzymes catalyze reactions that use ATP as a substrate? |
|
Definition
| hexokinase, glucose-6 phosphate isomerase , PFK-1 |
|
|
Term
| which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces NADH |
|
Definition
| G3P (glyceraldehyde3-phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| what does pyruvate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What does Thrymine Pyrophosphate do? TPP |
|
Definition
attacks pyruvate and causes CO2 to leave
and carries hydroxyethyl to lipoamide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidyzes hydroethyl to acetyl and carries to to CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries aceetyl to TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| describe structure and placement of UQ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is pyruvate produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the substrates for the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first reaction of the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate |
|
|
Term
| what does the second part of the TCA cycle do? |
|
Definition
| converts citrate back to oxaloacetate and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| citrate can be converted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha-ketoglutarate can be converted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| succinyl Co-A can be converted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxaloacetate can be converted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total oxidation of glucose to CO2 yields how much ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produces most of the energy for aerobic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 required cofactors for PDH |
|
Definition
Thiamine Pyrophosphate
Lipamide
FAD/FADH2
CoA
NAD+/NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary use of NADH and CoEnzA in TCA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| draw out citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 reactions of the citric acid cycle are irreversible/regulated? |
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA>citrate
isocitrate>alpha-ketoglutarate
slpha-ketoglutarate>succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what bond provides the energy for substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| thioester bond of succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what is succinatedehydrogenase |
|
Definition
| complex 2 of the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| which reaction of the citric acid cycle has a postive delta G |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pyruvate carboxylate do? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate+bicarbonate=oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall reaction catalyzed by PDH: |
|
Definition
| pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA >>> Acetyl CoA + Co2 + NADH |
|
|
Term
| which reaction of TCA cycle is used for substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| succinyl CoA >>> Succinate |
|
|
Term
| wha tkey metabolite ratio is responsible for moving maleate in forward direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important anaplerotic reactoin? |
|
Definition
| using pyruvate carboxylase to change pyrufate and bicarbonate into acetyl CoA |
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|
