Term
| What type of receptor is used most often? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of molecules use Cell surface receptors and where are they located? |
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Definition
-Large hydrophilic
-located in plasma membrane |
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Term
| What type of molecules use intracellular receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how intracellular receptors work |
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Definition
| They must be carried through blood by a carrier protein to the cell where they are released and diffuse through membrane to receptor (usually in nucleus) |
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Term
| How does contact dependent signal molecule work? Is it popular? |
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Definition
The signal cell must touch the target cell, bc of this no signaling molecule is needed.
-Not prevalent
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Term
| What are the 6 steps of signal transduction? |
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Definition
1. synthesis of signal molecule from secretory cell
2. release signal molecule into blood/fluid in low concentrations
3. transport signal molecule
4. detection/binding of signal molecule to specific receptors
5. induction of the response
6. termination of the response |
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Term
| How does paracrine signal molecules work? What are they dependent on? |
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Definition
Locally act with other target cells/local mediators.
-Dependent on signal being released into extracellular space. |
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Term
| How does synaptic signal molecules work? |
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Definition
A nerve cell and target cell must be in close contact to generate a signal that is transmitted electrically to synapse where the Nts are released.
-Usually only a target cell is exposed to Nts. |
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Term
| How does endocrine signal molecules work? |
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Definition
| Endocrine cell releases a hormone into the blood where it travels to the specific target cell that recognizes them via specific receptors and "pulls" them from the blood. |
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Term
| A cell only reacts to a signal if it has the... |
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Definition
| specific receptor for the signal |
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Term
| Complexity arises bc 1 signal binding to 1 type of receptor protein can cause... |
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Definition
| many different effects in the target cell and bc they can occur simultaneously. |
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Term
| Some examples of the different effects that can arise bc of signaling complexity include: |
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Definition
-Acetylcholine in heart muscle cells can decrease the rate
-Salivary gland can cause secretion
-Skeletal muscle can cause contraction
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Term
| Another reason for signaling complexity is that cells have different receptors that can.. |
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Definition
| make it simultaneoulsy sensitive to many different signals since signals can interact and intracellular relay systems can interact. |
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Term
| What are the 6 functions of signaling cascade? |
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Definition
1. transfer signal- outside of cell transfers to inside of cell
2. transform signal into molecular form
3. amplify signal (most of the time)
4. distribute signal in parallel to others in a divergent manner
5. modulate how signal behaves based on conditions
6. downstream of the cascade
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Term
| A signal molecule is also called a... |
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Definition
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Term
| List some of the best know hydrophobic signaling molecules |
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Definition
-cortisol
-NO
-vitamin d
-testosterone
-Retinoic
-estradiol |
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Term
| Cortisol acts on ________ of proteins, carbs and lipids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 steps of cortisol signaling? |
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Definition
1. diffuses across the plasma membrane
2. binds to intracellular receptor protein
3. conformational change activates receptor protein
4. activated receptor complex moves into nucleus
5. activates target gene at regulatory region which activates transcription |
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Term
| What are the effects of cortisol on the body? |
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Definition
Increase blood pressure and glucose concentration resulting in quick burst of energy.
Can also be released during stress fight/flight |
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Term
| What do ion channel receptors do? |
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Definition
| Generate flow of ions to produce an electrical effect |
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Term
| How do ion channel receptors work? |
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Definition
1. ligand binds to receptor
2. receptor changes shape
3. receptor can now open and close for specific ions |
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Term
| Chemical signal is transduced into an electrical signal in the form of a _______ change across plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of molecules utilize ion channel receptors? |
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Definition
| Small molecules NTs and some neuropeptides |
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Term
| Give an example of ion channel a receptor reaction |
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Definition
| When nicotinic adds to sodium the receptor changes shape. Once it disassociates the receptor changes shape again to close/stop the flow. |
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Term
| Define G protein linked/enzyme linked receptors |
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Definition
| -generates activated form of membrane bound protein that is released to diffuse in the plane of the plasma membrane to initiate cascade |
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Term
| What's the largest class of extracellular receptors |
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Definition
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Term
What receptors use cascades?
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Definition
- G Protein linked receptor
-Enzyme linked receptor |
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Term
| In G protein receptors what are ore common protein or enzyme linked? |
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Definition
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Term
| Signaling proteins act as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adds on a phosphate to a signaling molecule to turn it on |
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Term
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Definition
deletes on a phosphate to a signaling molecule to turn it off
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Term
| Whats the most common type of plasma membrane receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 major classes of molecular switch proteins? |
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Definition
-phosphorylation
-GTP binding proteins |
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Term
| G protein linked receptors mediate responses of: |
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Definition
| alot of extracellular signaling molecules: NTs, hormones, local mediators |
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Term
| What protein receptor is used most often in drugs? |
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Definition
| G linked protein receptors |
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Term
| How many helices are on the G linked protein receptor |
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Definition
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