Term
| what is the purpose of a metabolic map |
|
Definition
| shows big picture of meatbolic pathways, helps you visualize intermediates, helps you figure out what happens if you block a step |
|
|
Term
| what does catabolism mean |
|
Definition
| degredation or break down of complex molecules |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of what catabolism might break down |
|
Definition
| proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, CO2, NH3, H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis. reactions form complex products from simple precursors |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a reaction of anabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does catabolism play in metabolism |
|
Definition
| captures energy from ATP, NADH, or NADPH via degregation of energy rich fuels, allows us to reduce complex molecules from storage or diet into useful building blocks for other compounds |
|
|
Term
| what does catabolism do to proteins |
|
Definition
| breaks them into amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what does catabolism do to carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| breaks them into monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| what does catabolism do to fat |
|
Definition
| breaks it into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| once catabolism makes amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, and glycerol, in general, what happens to them |
|
Definition
| they are converted to acetylyl CoA, put into the TCA cycle which oxidizes it, and makes fatty acids, cholesterol, ketones, and other complex molecules |
|
|
Term
| what does anabolism do to amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does anabolism need to work |
|
Definition
| energy: ATP or reduced compounds (NADH or NADPH) |
|
|
Term
| what is the time span of the well fed state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another word for the well fed state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what basic changes occur in the well fed state in the body |
|
Definition
1. increase in blood glucose, AA, TAG (as chylomicrons) from the food
2. pancreas releases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon release
3. glycogen and TAG synthesis increases to replenish fuel storage
4. protein synthesis increased to replenish what was used in fasting (protein isnt stored) |
|
|
Term
| what factors control metabolism (control the enzymes) |
|
Definition
| avability of substrates, allosteric regulation, covalent modification, induction or repression of enzyme synthesis |
|
|
Term
| in what pathways of metabolism does gene expression regulation occur |
|
Definition
| in ones that are only active in certian physiological conditions, influences enzyme avability not how well the enzyme works |
|
|
Term
| on what molecules does covalent modification of enzymes occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what point do allosteric enzymes usually regulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ is considered to be the nutrient distribution center for the metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the venous drainage of the portal vein do for the nutrients in the body |
|
Definition
| it makes them all enter the liver first to be stored, rerouted, or metabolized |
|
|
Term
| in general, what is the function of the liver in metabolism |
|
Definition
| allow smoothing of broad fluxuations of nutrients. stores what you have too much of or breaks down molecules to get the nutrients you need more of |
|
|
Term
| what is the only organ that releases glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can the liver do with glucose |
|
Definition
| release it when blood glucose is low, store it if it is high |
|
|
Term
| what type of insulin receptors does the liver have |
|
Definition
| GLUT 2 non-insulin sensitive |
|
|
Term
| what happens to glucose once it enters the liver cell |
|
Definition
| it is phosphorlyated by glucokinase |
|
|
Term
| what can the liver do with glycogen |
|
Definition
| increase glycogen synthesis to store sugars, glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| describe the carbohydrate metabolism of the liver when well fed |
|
Definition
| when glucose is taken it it causes glycogen synthesis, increases activity of hexos monophosphate pathway providing NADPH and NADH for FA synthesis, increases glycolysis, decreases glyconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| describe the role of liver in fat metabolism when well fed |
|
Definition
| increases fatty acid synthesis, turns chylomicrons into fatty acids then TAG which are transported to adipose in VLDL |
|
|
Term
| describe the role of the liver in amino acid metabolism when well fed |
|
Definition
| increases amino acid degration sending amino acids to the blood, tissues, or to be deaminated, uses AA in the tCA cycle for fat synthesis, increase protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| describe the role of the adipose tissue in well fed metabolism |
|
Definition
| increases glycolysis to give energy, makes glycerol and uses VLDL FA to make fat, stores FA brought by VLDL |
|
|
Term
| why does adipose have to make glycerol |
|
Definition
| because the glycerol brought with the FA it stores, from the VLDL from the liver cannot enter the cell so to store TAG it needs to make its own glycerol to pair with the FA |
|
|
Term
| how does insulin inhibit TAG degredation |
|
Definition
| insulin causes phosphorlyzation of hormone sensitive lipase which inactivates it stopping TAG break down |
|
|
Term
| for what reason does muscle change its role in metabolism |
|
Definition
| changes in demand for ATP from muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what glucose receptors does adipose tissues have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glucose receptors does skeletal muscle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does the skeletal muscle have in carbohydrate metabolism when well fed |
|
Definition
| increases glucose transport due to increased blood glucose levels or insulin and does glycolysis with it, or increases glyogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what role does skeletal muscle play in amino acid metabolism when well fed |
|
Definition
| increases protein synthesis, increases uptake of branched chain AA to do protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary site for amino acid degredation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does heart muscle store glycogen or lipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the heart need glucose storage? why |
|
Definition
| no, it is aerobic and needs oxygen at all times |
|
|
Term
| what does the heart muscle use for energy |
|
Definition
| fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| for what reason does muscle change its role in metabolism |
|
Definition
| changes in demand for ATP from muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what glucose receptors does adipose tissues have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glucose receptors does skeletal muscle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does the skeletal muscle have in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
| increases glucose transport due to increased blood glucose levels or insulin and does glycolysis with it, or increases glyogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what role does skeletal muscle play in amino acid metabolism when well fed |
|
Definition
| increases protein synthesis, increases uptake of branched chain AA to do protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary site for amino acid degredation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does heart muscle store glycogen or lipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the heart need glucose storage? why |
|
Definition
| no, it is aerobic and needs oxygen at all times |
|
|
Term
| what does the heart muscle use for energy |
|
Definition
| fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| why does the brain need to use only glucose for fuel |
|
Definition
| FA cannot get across blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| when does the fasting state occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of reactions occur in the fasting state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first thing to happen when fasting that triggers the other fasting processes |
|
Definition
| blood glucose, AA, and TAG fall |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas do in response to low blood glycose, AA, or TAG |
|
Definition
| decreases insulin release, increases glucagon synthesis |
|
|
Term
| when fasting, what are the two main concerns the body has before all other |
|
Definition
| maintain blood glucose level for tissues (especially RBC and brain), mobilize FA and ketone |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of stored fuel in the body, how much energy can they provide relative to eachother |
|
Definition
| glycogen (provides little energy), protein (provides medium energy), TAG (provides most energy) |
|
|
Term
| how much protein can be lost in fasting before there are fatal complications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the liver in fastin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the liver involved in carbohydrate metabolism when fasting |
|
Definition
| degrades glycogen into glucose, once glycogen depletes it does gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| how is the liver involved in fat metabolism when fasting |
|
Definition
| it takes the products of fatty acid oxidation and uses them for gluconeogenesis. it takes in ketones and does ketoneogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of adipose in carbohydrate metabolism when fasting |
|
Definition
| decreased insulin causes endocytosis of GLUT 4 insulin sensitive receptors, this decreases enterance of glucose and decreases glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what role does adipose tissue have in fat metabolism in fasting |
|
Definition
| degrades TAG for fuel. releases FA for fuel and glycerol to be used in gluconeogenesis in the liver, decreases FA uptake |
|
|
Term
| what role does skeletal muscle have in carbohydrate metabolism when fasting |
|
Definition
| decreased insulin causes endocytosis of GLUT 4 insulin sensitive receptors, this decreases enterance of glucose and decreases glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what role does skeletal muscle have in lipid metabolism when fasting, what changes occur over time |
|
Definition
| uses ketone bodies and FA as fuel, at 2 weeks it uses FA almost exclusivly |
|
|
Term
| whty does the skeletal muscle change to only using FA when fasting |
|
Definition
| because they brain needs the ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of skeletal muscle in protein metabolism during fasting |
|
Definition
| breas down providing protein for gluconeogensis |
|
|
Term
| in the first few days of fasting what does the brain use as food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after prolonged fasting what does the brain use for food, why |
|
Definition
| mostly keytone bodies to conserve muscle protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of kidney in metabolism |
|
Definition
| can make or release glucose, metabolizes glutamein reasing ammonia which picks up H+ put into blood by ketone bodies (ketoacidosis), ammonia pickes up the acid and is excreted in urine |
|
|
