Term
| describe the solubility of lipids |
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Definition
| hydrophobic, non-polar, water insoluble |
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|
Term
| what does the solubility of lipids cause the molecules to do |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you dissolve lipids |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major functions of lipids |
|
Definition
| provide hydrophobic barriers for cell membranes and subcellular compartments, source of energy |
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Term
| what are the minor functions of lipids |
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Definition
| coenzyme or regulatory, regulating homeostasis |
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Term
| what lipids have coenzyme functions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what lipids have functions in regulation of homeostasis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what has increased intake in saturated FA and cholesterol been shown to cause risk of, what form of fat does not |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the optimal pH for acid lipase |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the enzymes in the stomach that digest lipids |
|
Definition
| acid lipase, lingual lipase, gastric lipase |
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Term
| what is an example of something that acid lipase digests |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme is important in neonates for milk digestion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does acid lipase target |
|
Definition
| short and medium chain FA (<12 C) |
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|
Term
| where is lingual lipase secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is gastric lipase secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general what processes emulsify dietary lipids |
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Definition
| complimentary actions: mechanical agitation and secretion of bile salts |
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|
Term
| what causes mechanical digestion, what does it accomplish |
|
Definition
| peristalsis increases surface area of lipid droplets |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| make smaller particles, detergent stablizes particles so they dont stick back together |
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|
Term
| where are bile salts made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are bile salts stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are bile salts secreted |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do proteolytic enzymes in the small intestines digest |
|
Definition
| TAG, cholesterol esters, phospholipids |
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|
Term
| what digests TAGs in the small intestine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pancreatic lipase cleave TAGs into |
|
Definition
| 2-monoacylglycerol and FA |
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|
Term
| what percent of the pancreatic secretion is pancreatic lipase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pancreatic lipase need for it to work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds pancreatic lipase at a 1:1 ratio moving it to aqueous barrer where inhibitor bile acids are present so enzymes can get to the TAG |
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|
Term
| ih what form is most dietary cholesterol |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what digests cholesterol esters in the small intestines |
|
Definition
| pancreatic cholesterol esterase |
|
|
Term
| what does pancreatic cholesterol esterase turn cholesterol esters into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates pancreatic cholesterol esterase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general how are phosphilipids digested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the process of phospholipid digestion |
|
Definition
1. phospholipase A2 removes FA from position 2 makes lysophorpholipid and FA
2. lisophospholipase removes FA from position one making glycerophosphoryl and FA
3. glycerylphosphorly base is absorbed, digested, or excreted |
|
|
Term
| what conteols pancreatic enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is CCK secreted from |
|
Definition
| mucosal cells of lower duodenum and jejunum |
|
|
Term
| what is CCK released in response to |
|
Definition
| lipids, partially digested proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of gall bladder releasing bile salts, phospholipids, free cholesterol. exocrine cells of pancreas to secrete hydrolytic enzymes, decreases gastric motility, reducing release of gastric contents into the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| what type of hormone is secretin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does secretin respond to |
|
Definition
| low pH of chime entering intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bicarbonate release from liver and pancreas, gives appropirate pH for enzyme function |
|
|
Term
| after being digested what happens to the lipid particles |
|
Definition
| they form into micelles along with soluble vitamins and bile salts, micelles go to brush border of the membrane of enterocytes and are absorbed |
|
|
Term
| what does lipid digestion in the small intestines generate in the end |
|
Definition
| Fa, cholesterol, 2-monoacylglycerol |
|
|
Term
| how do long chain fatty acids get absorbed into brush border |
|
Definition
| broken down and put into micelles |
|
|
Term
| how do short and medium chain fatty acids get absorbed into brush border |
|
Definition
| they can go right through |
|
|
Term
| once in the enterocytes, what happens to long chain FA |
|
Definition
| converted to acyl-Coa at the ER |
|
|
Term
| once in the enterocytes, what happens to 2-monoacylglycerol, what helps |
|
Definition
| TAG synthase sequentially adds FA using acyltransferase activities |
|
|
Term
| once in the enterocytes, what happens to lysophospholipids |
|
Definition
| reacylated by acyltransferases to form phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| once in the enterocytes, what happens to cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once in the enterocytes, what happens to short and medium chain FA |
|
Definition
| not activated, released into portal circulation and carried by serum albumin |
|
|
Term
| what needs to happen to TAG and cholesterol esters before the can leave the enterocyte |
|
Definition
| need to be packaged into chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
| what is a chylomicron made of |
|
Definition
| TAG and cholesterol esters with a layer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and Apo B48 around the outside |
|
|
Term
| where are chylomicrons made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once made, what happens to the chylomicron |
|
Definition
| exocytosed into the lacteal making the lumph chyle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph capillary in the SI villi |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the chylomicron makes chylo |
|
Definition
| it is passed into the lymphatic system to thoracic duct to left subclavian then blood |
|
|
Term
| what happens to a chylomicron once it reaches a tissue |
|
Definition
| lipoprotein lipase degrades TAG into FA and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| where is lipoprotein lipase secreted |
|
Definition
| mostly muscle and adipose but also heart, lung, kidney, liver |
|
|
Term
| what does lipoprotein lipase associate with |
|
Definition
| lumen endothelial cells of capillary bed |
|
|
Term
| what happens for FA in circulation |
|
Definition
| they are usually taken up immediatly by adjacent muscle or adipose if they dont, they will circulate on albumin until they are |
|
|
Term
| what happens to glycerol after being released into blood |
|
Definition
| it is taken up by liver and used to make glycerol-3-phosphate for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what remains after the contents of a chylomicron are used by the tissues |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, cholesterol esters, apolipoproteins, fat soluble vitamins, TAG |
|
|
Term
| what happens to chylomicron reamins |
|
Definition
| interacti with liver cells and are endocytosed |
|
|
Term
| what happens to nitrogenous bases and phospholipids associated with FA transport to tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell there is lipid malabsorption |
|
Definition
| fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids in excretion |
|
|
Term
| what diseases involve lipid malabsorption |
|
Definition
| cystic fibrosis and shortened bowl |
|
|
Term
| what type of inheritence is cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mutated in cystic fibrosis, what does this cause |
|
Definition
| CL ion channels CFTR that hydrate mucous in secretory ducts of pancreas mutations lead to viscous mucous tha blocks pancreatic enzymes needed for lipid digestion in si |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms, other than lipid malabsorption of cystic fibrosis related to lipids |
|
Definition
| delayed growth, energy deficient |
|
|
Term
| how is cystic fibrosis treated |
|
Definition
| with enzyme replacement and fat soluble vitamin supplements |
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