Term
| Amino acids are incorporated into |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All amino acids exist in the L-Form except |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycine is the most abundant amino acid in |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| different compounds at each binding site |
|
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Term
| Which amino acids are amphoteric |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mneumonic for essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan |
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Term
|
Definition
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine |
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Term
| Which amino acid is conditionally essential |
|
Definition
| histidine (essential for child but not adult) |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are purely ketogenic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is a precursor to carnitine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes FA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are aromatic |
|
Definition
| phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| Which aromatic amino acids are essential |
|
Definition
| phenylalanine, tryptophan |
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Term
| Which aromatic essential amino acid has an indole ring |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids contain sulfur |
|
Definition
| cysteine, methionine, cystine |
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Term
| Which sulfur containing amino acids are essential |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid contains sulfur and has 2 cysteines linked together |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three branched chain amino acids |
|
Definition
| leucine, isoleucine, valine (LIV) (all essential) |
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|
Term
| If a patient can not break down branched chain amino acids they will have |
|
Definition
| maple syrup urine disease |
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|
Term
| Which amino acids are acidic |
|
Definition
aspartate and glutamate
(oxaloacetate and alpha ketoglutemate)
NEITHER ESSENTIAL |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aspartic acid and in excess is neurotoxic |
|
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Term
| Which are the basic amino acids |
|
Definition
| histidine, arginine, lysine, |
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Term
| Which amino acids have the greatest postitive net charge at normal pH of blood? |
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Definition
| Basic amino acids (histidine, arginine, lysine) |
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Term
| Limiting amino acids of Wheats, rice, grains are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Limiting amino acids of Legumes (beans, peas, chickpeas, fruitin pod) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Limiting amino acids of maize (corn) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Limiting amino acids of pulses (legumes) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Limiting amino acids of egg and chicken are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase will = |
|
Definition
| phenylketonuria (PKU) [cannot convert to tyrosine] |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines all end in ine which are |
|
Definition
| tyrosine- Ldopa- dopamine- norepinephrine- epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Tyrosine converts to L-dopa to create |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body can not convert L dopa to melanin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tryptophan is the precursor for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tryptophan is also the precursor for |
|
Definition
| Niacin (B3) and Nicotinamide |
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Term
| For every 10 kg of body weight we need ___ grams of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there was a 100kg person how much protein would they need |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Is it called when the pH of an amino acid when there is no net electrical charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when there is an amino acid with a charge of zero? (isoelectric point)*** |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a tripeptide of glycine + Glutamate + Cysteine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mineral for enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is 2 polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is not part of the animal cell membrane but helps glucose bind to the cell ** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two polypeptide hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two catecholamines |
|
Definition
| epinepherine, norepinepharine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone |
|
|
Term
| what is the characteristic bond of all protiens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of a peptide bond is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha helices and beta pleated sheets with both structures held together by a hydrogen bond |
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|
Term
| Example of a secondary bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folding of a single polypeptide in solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| myoglobin (disulfide bond) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to make a functional protein |
|
|
Term
| example of a quaternary bond |
|
Definition
Hemoglobin (alpha2beta2) Allosteric compond
Hydrogen and disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
| Quaternary bonds like hemoglobin are |
|
Definition
| disulfide bonds that connect the light and heavy chains of an antibody |
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Term
|
Definition
| catalysts by increasing the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy |
|
|
Term
| Are enzymes consumed in a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is defined as a molecule which enzymes act upon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a measure of the affinity that an enzyme has toward the substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in Km will ___ the affinity |
|
Definition
| increase (inverse relationship) |
|
|
Term
| The max velocity of the enzyme is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factors affect the reaction velocity |
|
Definition
| ph, concentration, temperature |
|
|
Term
| Maximum velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At Full Vmax the enzyme will be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of sustrate required to reach 1/2 of vmax is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest affinity will be at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of inhibitors bind at the binding site and do not let the substrate bind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Competitive inhibitors will |
|
Definition
increase the Km
No change in Vmax
Affinity goes down |
|
|
Term
| Non competitive inhibitors will |
|
Definition
| bind anywhere other than the site |
|
|
Term
| Noncompetitive inhibitors will have |
|
Definition
no change in Km
decrease in the Vmax (takes longer to reach vmax) |
|
|
Term
| What are the type of enzymes that act as rate limiting steps for an entire metabolic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allosteric enzymes will change shape to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allosteric enzyme activity will be modulated by allosteric effectors for example |
|
Definition
| PFK is inhibited by increased ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the measure of the amount of energy available to determine if a reaction is energetically possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction is non spontaneous/unfavorable Endergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction is spontaneous/favorable exergonic (heat) |
|
|
Term
| If the free energy of a reaction is -5.14 it is |
|
Definition
| spontaneous/favorable/exergonic |
|
|
Term
| if the free energy is 6.24 it is |
|
Definition
| nonspontaneous/nonfavorable/endergonic |
|
|
Term
| What are converted to coenzymes in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals are converted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form vitamin B1 Thiamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B1 thiamine cause what reaction? |
|
Definition
| decarboxylation (removal of CO2) |
|
|
Term
| If there is deficiency of vitamin B1 thiamine what disease will incur |
|
Definition
Beri Beri (wet-cardiovascular; Dry- PNS)
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What disease will the patient have numbness of the legs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease will the patient have psychosis with dimentia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin |
|
Definition
| FAD (flavin Adenine dinucleotide) |
|
|
Term
| What is the reaction of B2 Riboflavin |
|
Definition
Oxidation/Reduction Reaction=
Dehydrogenase Enzyme |
|
|
Term
| If there is a deficiency of B2 Riboflavin what disease |
|
Definition
Cheilosis
Angular Stomatitis (cracking on the sides) Magenta tongue |
|
|
Term
| Milk exposed to light will have a deficiency in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B3 Niacin active form |
|
Definition
NAD+
NADP+
Nicatinamide
Adenine dinucleotide |
|
|
Term
| What reaction will B3 niacin cause |
|
Definition
| Oxidation/reduction reaction=dehydrogenase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| If there is a niacin (B3) deficiency there will be |
|
Definition
Pellagra
(4d: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death) |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of Niacin |
|
Definition
| Tryptophan - Niacin- Nicatinamide |
|
|
Term
| B5 (citrus fruit) Active form is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural component of coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of B5 will cause |
|
Definition
| burning foot syndrome (parasthesias) |
|
|
Term
| What is a common factor of B5 deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B6 pyridoxine active form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 reactions of B6 pyridoxine |
|
Definition
1. Transanimation (keto acid-Amino acid)
2. amino acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carboxylation (+CO2)
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Pyruvate Carboxylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avidin in egg whites depletes biotin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B9 Folic Acid/Folate active form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one carbon transfers (methyl transfer)
DNA & RNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency diseases of Folic acid are |
|
Definition
Megaloblastic Anemia
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Neural tube defects (Spina bifida/Cleft Palate) |
|
|
Term
| B12 Cobalamin active form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homocysteine remethylation |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of B12 Cobalamin are |
|
Definition
Pernicous anemia from decreased intrinsic factor
If untreated
Posterolateral sclerosis AKA combined systems disease
** B12 deficiency from any other cause is megaloblastic anemia (vegetarians) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cobalt
found in animal products (lacks in vegetarians) |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C ascorbic acid reaction |
|
Definition
| hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen. Enhances iron absorption |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C deficiency is seen with |
|
Definition
Scurvy (bleeding gums)
Proline- Hydroxyproline
Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is sourced from and destroyed by |
|
Definition
destroyed by heat
One of the highest sources is brussel sprouts |
|
|
Term
| Water Soluable Vitamins are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
night blindness (Nyctolopia)
keratomalacia (degeneration of the cornea)
Xerophthalmia= dry eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin for the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1,25 dihyroxycholecaliferol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium and phosphate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Vit D deficiency is seen with |
|
Definition
Rickets in young
Osteomalacia in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess Vit E is seen with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vit K is aka hydroquinone or menadione seen in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood clotting and is a precursor to coenzyme Q |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
