Term
| What are the 4 energy sources? |
|
Definition
carbs
proteins
fats
alcohol |
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/grams does carbs contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/grams does protein contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/grams does fats contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/grams does alcohol contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 states the body is in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the well fed state glucose has 3 fates |
|
Definition
satisfy energy needs
store extra glucose as glycogen (muscle or liver)
store extra glucose as fat |
|
|
Term
| What is the major anabolic hormone that drives all 3 states in the well fed state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starvation state has 3 fates |
|
Definition
glycogen breakdown
breakdown of fat
gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen breakdown occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver glycogen breakdown is for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle glycogen breakdown is for |
|
Definition
| only in sympathetic state (flight/Fight) |
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of fat occurs in 2 ways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete breakdown of fat involves three things **** |
|
Definition
beta oxidation (breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl coA)
Krebs
Electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| A breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA is considered a |
|
Definition
| complete breakdown of fat |
|
|
Term
| Incomplete oxidation of fat leads to |
|
Definition
| ketone body synthesis (short lived) |
|
|
Term
| Ketone body synthesis is produced in periods of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ketone bodies for kidney filtration |
|
Definition
Acetoacetate
Betahydroxybutyrate
Acetone |
|
|
Term
| What is the worst ketone body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetoacetate and betahydroxybutyrate can be used in the body for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetoacetate and betahydroxybutyrate is used for energy purposes in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme for ketone body synethesis? |
|
Definition
| HMG CoA synthase (cholesterol) |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are formed via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are acidic until |
|
Definition
| the liver can get to gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What keeps life alive in starvation states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ATP doe we get from the complete breakdown of 1 glucose? |
|
Definition
36 in the muscle
38 in the liver |
|
|
Term
| 1 glucose molecule in aerobic glycolysis will yield |
|
Definition
2 atp
2nadh
2 pyruvate
in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| The 2 pyruvate yielded from the glucose molecule in the cytoplam is carried into the mitochondria by the |
|
Definition
| mitochondrial pyruvate carrier |
|
|
Term
| Once in the mitochondria the 2 pyruvates are transformed into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 acetyl coA will be sent to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 pyruvates will be changed to acetyl coA by |
|
Definition
| pruvate dyhydrogenase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| The conversion of the pyruvate to acetyl coA will yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 acetyl coA molecule through krebs will yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP's are produced in the krebs system |
|
Definition
| 24 ( we have 2 acetyl coA going through krebs) |
|
|
Term
| The electron transport chain is preformed in the |
|
Definition
| inner mitochondria membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
to reoxidize NADH back to NAD and FADH2 back to FAD
THe bonus is that we generate energy |
|
|
Term
| 1 NADH will yield __ ATP in the ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 FADH2 will yield ___ ATP in the ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex will generate |
|
Definition
| 2 NADH to be sent to the ETC for reoxidation |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are generated in aerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields ___ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The krebs cycle will yield ___ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The NADH from aerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm has to get into the ___ to enter the etc to be reoxidized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glycerol phosphate shuttle is used in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the malate aspartate shuttle is used in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the glycerol phosphate shuttle 2 NADH in the cytoplasm enter into the mitochondria as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 FADH2 will equal ___ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the malate aspartate shuttle in the liver 2 nadh in the cytoplasm make |
|
Definition
| 2 NADH2 in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| 2 NADH2 will equal ___ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the well fed state glycolysis is stimulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis in the well fed state is inhibited by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis |
|
Definition
hexokinaase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase |
|
|
Term
| all 3 regulatory enzymes in glycolysis are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis occurs in 2 states |
|
Definition
aerobic (well fed)
anerobic (starvation) |
|
|
Term
| aerobic glycolysis will yield |
|
Definition
| glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) |
|
|
Term
| anaerobic glycolysis of glucose will produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hexokinase in the entire body will use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hexokinase in the liver will use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose 6 phosphate + ADP (step 1) |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is no phosphofructokinasfe what will happen |
|
Definition
| there will not be glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Phosphofructokinase will yield |
|
Definition
| Fructose 6 phosphate + ATP |
|
|
Term
| Fructose 6 phosphate + ATP will yield |
|
Definition
| fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP (step 3) |
|
|
Term
| Pphosphofructokinase steps are inhibited by |
|
Definition
| ATP and Citrate (utilized as a switch between glycolysis and glycogen synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate Kinase is going to utilize what step |
|
Definition
| phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + ADP to produce pyruvate and ATP |
|
|
Term
| The pyruvate kinase step has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobic glycolysis has a net gain of |
|
Definition
2 ATP (substrate level of phosphorylation)
2 NADH ( ATP is produced in the ETC-oxidative phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lactate and NAD (lactate dehydrogenase) |
|
|
Term
| The krebs cycle is also known as |
|
Definition
| citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| The location of the krebs cycle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regulatory enzymes of the krebs cycle |
|
Definition
| citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| how many steps are in the TCA cycle |
|
Definition
| 8 (not including the production of cis-aconitate) |
|
|
Term
| Per turn of the TCA cycle 1 acetyl coA will produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Per molecule of glucose oxidized to the krebs cycle there will be ___ atp made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To initiate the Krebs cycle pyruvate dehydrogenase will make acetyl coA to join |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most highly oxidized, occurs in the lowest concentration, and is the most sought after for the krebs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mneumonic to remember the product steps of the krebs (TCA) cycle |
|
Definition
| Our Cousin Ciscilla Is Kissing Sixty Six French Men |
|
|
Term
| Oxaloacetate (Our) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Citrate (cousin) via Citrate Synthase |
|
|
Term
| Citrate (cousin) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Cis-aconitate (ciscilla) via Aconitase |
|
|
Term
| Cis-aconitate (ciscilla) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Isocitrate (is) via aconitase |
|
|
Term
| Isocitrate (is) will form ___ via enzyme ____ |
|
Definition
| alpha ketogluterate (kissing) via isocitrate dehydrogenase (nadh given off) |
|
|
Term
| Alpha ketogluterate (kissing) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Succinyl- CoA (sixty) via alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex (thiamine will be present) Nadh formed, Co2 given off |
|
|
Term
| Succinyl-CoA (sixty) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| succinate (six) via succinate thiokinase (GTP formed) |
|
|
Term
| Succinate (six) will form __ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Fumerate (french) via succinate dehydrogenase (forms FADH2) B2 is present |
|
|
Term
| Fumerate (french) will form ___ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| L-Malate (men) via fumerase |
|
|
Term
| Malate will form ___ via enzyme ___ |
|
Definition
| Oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase in the prescence of B3 and produces a NADH |
|
|
Term
| Oxaloacetate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citrate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cis aconitate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isocitrate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha Ketogluterate will have ___ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Succinyl CoA will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Succinate will have ___ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fumerate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malate will have __ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 2 irreversible steps in the krebs cycle |
|
Definition
oxaloacetate to citrate
alpha ketogluterate to succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what is the key step of the krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF malonyl CoA is in the queston they are asking about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids synthesis (lipogenesis) is done in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA + CO2 + ATP is going to yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The regulatory enzyme for fatty acid synthesis is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by |
|
Definition
| insulin, inhibited by glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What are the Coenzymes used in fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria t they cytosol as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the starvation state the cytosol will have an extra amount of |
|
Definition
| acetyl coA; ketone bodies; a saturated krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid degradation (beta oxidation/lipolysis) is done in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regulatory enzyme of beta oxidation/lipolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone sensitive lipase will |
|
Definition
| cleave off tracylglycerides that are stored in the adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the hormonal regulation of lipolysis |
|
Definition
| epinepherine which is inhibited by insulin |
|
|
Term
| Epinepherine is stimulated by the |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system (exercise) |
|
|
Term
| What is the transporter of fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor to carnitine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The step involving beta oxidation in the mitochondria is |
|
Definition
| fatty acids forming into acetyl coA to go to krebs |
|
|
Term
| The urea cycle contains __ of nitrogen containing compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea contains __ nitrogen atoms and __ carbon ataoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both nitrogen atoms in the urea cycle come from the amino acid (what is the major nitrogen donor of the urea cycle?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of the urea cycle? |
|
Definition
| carbamoyl phosphate synthase |
|
|
Term
| carbamoyl phosphate synthase is present in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reaction that carbamoyl phosphate synthase will catalyze |
|
Definition
| CO2 + NH3 + 2ATP --> carbamyol phosphate |
|
|
Term
| the important rate limiting enzymes of the urea cycle are use the acronym |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The HMP shunt is used in the fatty acid synthesis in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regulatory enzyme of the HMP shunt |
|
Definition
| glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| The HMP shunt has 2 functions |
|
Definition
production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis
Production of ribose 5 phosphate for nucleotide (DNA/RNA) synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the net gain or loss of ATP in the HMP shunt?*** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis is primarily located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intial step of gluconeogensis starts with |
|
Definition
| malate (in the mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
| What crosses the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once malate crosses the membrane into the cytosol it is converted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxaloacetate is then converted to |
|
Definition
| PEP by the enzyme PEP carboxykinase using a GTP |
|
|
Term
| The PEP carboxykinase step uses energy to bypass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| glucagon and cortisol inhibited by insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three precursors to gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| glycerol, lactate, and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What is primarily generated during the breakdown of triglycerides in the adipose tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerol travels to the ___ where it may do either of 2 things |
|
Definition
| liver; glucose or enters the glycolytic pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is derived by muscle during anaeroboic conditions in gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactate travels to the ___ where it is converted to |
|
Definition
| liver; pyruvate and ultimately to glucose |
|
|
Term
| The conversion of lactate to pyruvate to glucose in the liver is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cori cycle couples two things |
|
Definition
| anaerobic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids can be converted into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be converted into glucose |
|
Definition
| any TCA cycle intermediate |
|
|
Term
| What undergoes transanimation reactions to be converted to their gluconeogenic precursors |
|
Definition
| alanine, aspartate, and glutamate |
|
|
Term
| Aspartate is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alanine is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all transanimation reactions require |
|
Definition
| pyridoxal phosphate that is derived from pyridoxine (B6) |
|
|
Term
| What gluconeogenic enzyme converts pyruvate + CO2+ ATP into oxaloacetate +ADP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate carboxylase is a __ reaction utilizing the coenzyme___ |
|
Definition
| carboxylation reaction; biotin |
|
|
Term
| the pyruvate carboxylase reaction occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PEP carcoxykinase converts |
|
Definition
| oxaloacetate + GTP to PEP + GDP + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is needed to bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase |
|
|
Term
| Which is a GTP driven step in gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase is a gluconeogenic enzyme that converts |
|
Definition
| fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate + Pi |
|
|
Term
| Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase bypasses which step in glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose 6 phosphatase is a gluconeogenic enzyme that converts |
|
Definition
| glucose 6 phosphate to glucose + Pi |
|
|
Term
| Glucose 6 phosphatase is only present in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows the liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown in gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glucose 6 phosphatase bypass? |
|
Definition
| glucokinase in glycolysis in the liver |
|
|
Term
| If there is too much citrate or ATP there is a swtich to |
|
Definition
| glucagon synthesis turning off PFK |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme will convert glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1 phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose 1 mutase will use ___ to make glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the well fed state glucose |
|
Definition
| will be free in the blood tissues |
|
|
Term
| The first messenger for glycogen breakdown is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2nd messenger for glycogen breakdown is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe major messenger for glycogen breakdown is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAMP will cause the release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen phosphorlase b causes the release of |
|
Definition
| glycogen phosphorlase A (active) |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen phosphorlase A will breakdown glycogen to make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose 1 phosphate will be broken down to |
|
Definition
| Glucose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucomutase/glucokinase |
|
|
Term
| The electron transport chain is aka |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphoralation |
|
|
Term
| Where is the location of the ETC |
|
Definition
| inner mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| In the ETC NADH will make ____ ATP; and how many protons will be pumped out |
|
Definition
| 3; 6 protons will be pumped out |
|
|
Term
| In the ETC FADH2 will make ___ ATP; and how many protons will be pumped out |
|
Definition
| 2 ATP; 4 protons pumped out |
|
|
Term
| What is the key element of the ETC? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen (ultimate receptor of electrons) |
|
|
Term
| What is the initiator of the ETC |
|
Definition
| Coenzyme Q (similar to Vitamin K) |
|
|
Term
| The ETC is ___ to ATP synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothesis that couples the synthesis of ETC and the synthesis of ATP is called |
|
Definition
| chemiosmotic hypothesis (mitchell hypothesis) |
|
|
Term
| What delivers Oxygen to the ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COQ10 will initiate complexes ___ in the ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COQ10 is naturally produced in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transfers electrons from complex 3 and 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When FADH2 comes it it automatically goes to |
|
Definition
| complex 2 (thats why you only get 2 ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 H =1 ATP on the cytosol side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2H= 1 atp on the cytosol side |
|
|
Term
| Complex 4 in the presence of cytochrome C will make |
|
Definition
| 2H=1ATP on the cytosol side |
|
|
Term
| The hydrogens (2) produced in complex 4 in the cytosol from the ETC will go through |
|
Definition
| ATP synthase to produce 4 more ATP in the mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of catabolic pathways |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, lipolysis, glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of anabolic pathways |
|
Definition
| gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, glycogenesis, and nuclei acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidation/reduction reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
