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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA ; it pairs with thymine in DNA molecules and uracil in RNA molecules |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| an important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria and carrying the energy necessary for cellular functions |
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Definition
| organic molecules combined in a specific sequence to form a protein |
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| molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens |
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Definition
| sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons and each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis |
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| substances, such as bacteria, foreign blood cells, and enzymes, that stimulate the immune system's antibody production |
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| all chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all soatic cells (not the gametes) |
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Definition
| sequences of a gene's DNA (also known as exons) that are coded to prduce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis |
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| refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype |
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Definition
| the sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis |
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Definition
| the predictable pairing of nitrogen bases in the structure of DNA and RNA, such that adenine and thymine always pair together (adenine and uracil in RNA) and cytosine and guanine pair together |
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Definition
| the process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis |
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Definition
| the jellylike substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended |
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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with guanine |
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Definition
| a cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes |
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Definition
| those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the gnetic material and specialized organelles |
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Term
| free-floating nucleotides |
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Definition
| nucleotides (the basic building block of DNA and RNA) that are present in the nucleus and are used during DNA replication and mRNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism |
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Definition
| the complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the heritable traits |
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Definition
| the branch of genetics that studies species' genomes |
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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with cytosine |
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Definition
| a large set of haplotypes, such as the Y-chromosome or mitochondrial DNA, that may be used to define a population |
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Definition
| a cel that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material |
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Definition
| a group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome |
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Definition
| the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to inheritance rather to environmental influence |
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Definition
| refers to a mixture of more than one type of organellar DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, within a cell or a single organism's body, usually due to the mutation of the DNA in some organelles but not in others |
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as homeobox genes, they are responsible for differetiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during embryological development |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to nuclear DNA, which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type (except red blood cells) |
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same |
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Definition
| the characteristics of the chromosomes for an indvidual organism or a species, such as number, size, and type |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Mendel's Second Law, which asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel's First Law, which asserts taht the two alleles for any given name (or trait are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the inheritance, as a unit, of individual genes closely located on a chromosome; an exception to the Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| the location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome |
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Definition
| DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, whose inheritance can be traced from mother to daughter or to son |
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Definition
| thr production of gametes through one DNA replcation and to cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells |
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Definition
| the molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| specific loci in nuclear or organellar DNA that have repeated units of 1-4 base pairs in length; they can be used in various genetic studies |
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Term
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Definition
| energy producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells they possess their own independent DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of cellular and nuclear division the creates two identical diploid daughter cells |
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Definition
| referes to the condition in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cell's nucleus |
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Definition
| sequences of a gene's DNA (introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis |
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Definition
| refers to the failture of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the building block of DNA and RNA, comprised of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases |
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Definition
| a membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material |
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Definition
| the application of genetics to the past, especially in anthropology and paleontology; the study for genetics in past organisms |
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Definition
| DNA whose inheritance can be traced from father to daughter or son, such as the Y chromosome, which passes from father to son |
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Definition
| chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain |
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Definition
| refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait |
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Definition
| refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| a technique that amplifies a small sample of DNA into a larger amount that can be used for various genetic tests |
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Definition
| refers to the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds |
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Definition
| single-celled organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with their genetic material as a single strand in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| the exchange of geneti material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event |
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Definition
| those genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins invovled in the expression of control genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell division, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA |
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Definition
| a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases |
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Term
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Definition
| a fundamental structural component of a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the organelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum, located in the cytoplasm of a cell; they are the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sex |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) |
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Definition
| variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base |
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Definition
| diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism's body |
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Definition
| genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins |
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Definition
| proteins that form an organism's physical attributes |
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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA; it pairs with adenine |
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Term
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Definition
| the first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of three nitrogen bases each in DNA< known as codons in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pair |
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Term
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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell that results from a sperm's fertilization of an ovum |
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