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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| afferent and efferent divisions |
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Definition
| send information from the body to the central nervous system. have sensory receptors. axon terminals in CNS. |
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| send information from the central nervous system to the body. cell body in CNS. axon terminals in effector organs. |
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| responsible for voluntary muscular movements and reception of external stimulus. associated with efferent neurons. |
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| responsible for maintaining body via unconscious actions such as heart beating, breathing ect. broken up into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| more active during stress. responsible for fight or flight reaction. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| works in the opposite way the sympathetic does. "rest and digest" |
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Definition
| within CNS. connect afferent to efferent. connect other interneurons. responsible for "mind" thoughts, emotion, motivation. 99% of all neurons are interneurons. |
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| connecting link between brain and spinal cord. cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive control. muscle reflexes; posture and equilibrium. receives and analyses info from spinal cord. sleep/wake cycle control |
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| maintains balance. enhancement of muscle tone. coordination of voluntary muscle activity. |
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| regulation of homeostasis. body temp, thirst/urine, food intake, uterine contraction and milk production. link between nervous and endocrine system. involved in emotion and basic behavior patterns. |
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| filters all info going into cerebral cortex. crude awareness of sensation. some degree of consciousness. role in motor control. |
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| basal nuclei and cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| inhibits muscle tone. coordination of slow maintained movement. suppression of useless movement. |
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Definition
| sensory perception. voluntary control of movement. language. personality. consciousness and thinking/memory mental events. |
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| not separate structure. includes; cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus. involved in generating emotion. |
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| generated by limbic system, attaches feelings to programs of the brainstem. have some emotional recognition at birth and develops as life continues. |
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| frontal lobes of cortex. rapid changes in nerve connections |
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| limbic system. requires new connections among neurons. |
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| 90% of CNS cells, only 50% of brain volume. to not initiate or conduct nerve impulses. support CNS physically, metabolically and homeostatically. |
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| shields brain from harmful blood changes. brain capillaries have tight junctions so no material can pass. only small lipid soluble substances can pass. all other molecules require carrier protein. part of hypothalamus no barrier so hormone levels in blood can be monitored. |
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| brain can only make atp from glucose in the presence of O2. 4-5 min no O2=dead 10-15 min no glucose=brain damage and death. |
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Definition
| whole cord- 31 pairs of nerves. gray matter=cell bodies, dendrites, short interneurons, glial cells. white matter=mylenated axons organized into bundles, ascending and descending. |
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| carrier and supports neurons between brain and body. simple spinal reflex. |
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| subconscious information sent from the internal viscera to CNS |
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| afferent input that reaches level of consciousness, sensory information. |
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| body surface sensations- skin muscles joints inner ear limb position |
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| vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell |
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Definition
| a receptor functions by converting stimulus energy to an action potential |
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Definition
| photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors(pain) |
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Term
| types of receptor structure |
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Definition
| either separate cell or modified ending of an afferent neuron. (only smell) |
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Term
| when a receptor is stimulated... |
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Definition
| non selective opening of all small ion channels, net influx of Na+ ions, membrane depolarization, graded potential |
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Term
| conversion of stimulus in modified ending of afferent neuron... |
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Definition
| current flows from one end of afferent neuron to axon of the same, opens Na+ channels, if threshold met, AP occurs. |
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Term
| conversion of stimulus in separate cell |
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Definition
| separate receptor cell stimulated, opens Ca++ channels, increase in Ca++releases chemical messenger. messenger binds to receptor proteins on membrane of afferent axon, Na+ channels open, threshold reached and AP occurs. |
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Definition
| slow adapting. do not adapt to stimuli, continues to produce AP as stimuli occur. |
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Definition
| fast adapting, rapidly adapt to stimuli and stop producing AP even though stimuli continue. |
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| what happens to info transmitted by receptor |
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Definition
| receptor causes AP in afferent neurons, afferent AP reaching spinal cord either becomes a reflex or relayed towards the brain. somatosensory pathways relay info to brain through discrete chains of neurons and at any point the pathway activation happens results in sensation. |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors- bind to specific chemicals that generate neural signals. |
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Definition
| taste buds- each taste bud has single opening consisting of 50 receptor cells, each binding sit selectively binds to chemicals, binding of chemical causes depolarization of receptor membrane, initiates AP in afferent neurons. |
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Definition
| acids H+ block K+ which reduces K+ leaking out resulting in depolarization. Ca++ channels open and Ca++ enters. Ca++ causes release of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Na+ moves through Na+ channels to depolarize membrane, depolarization makes Ca++ channels open and Ca++ enters releasing neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| glucose bind to the receptor. actives "G protein" which block K+ channels which blocks K+ and depolarizes, depolarizing means Ca++ channels open and Ca++ comes in, releasing neurotransmitter. |
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Definition
| many chemicals bind to bitter receptor, block K+ which reduces K+ from leaving cell, depolarizing it, which causes Ca++ channels to open and Ca++ to enter, releasing neurotransmitter. (some bitter use G protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids bind to receptor, causes Na+ influx which depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| olfactory receptors, only sense that uses modified afferent neuron ends instead of separate cell. olfactory axons form nerve, receptor cells constantly replaced, each receptor bonds to different components of odor. Na+ and Ca++ cause depolarization and release of neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| specialized organ in the nose to detect pheromones. |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
| activity, overpowering, conscious movement |
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| voluntary branch; affects skeletal muscle |
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| structure of autonomic nervous system in both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
| cell body in CNS axon of 1 connects neuron 2 at ganglion, axon 2 innervates effector organ. |
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| structure in sympathetic only |
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Definition
| originate in thoracic (chest) and lumbar (ab) part of spinal cord. adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes hormones into blood when stimulated. |
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| structure in parasympathetic only |
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Definition
| originate in cranial (brain) and sacral (pelvic) areas of CNS. ganglia close to effector organ. |
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Term
| sympathetic neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| 1st neuron in chair releases acetylcholine, 2nd releases norepinephrine. adrenal medulla releases mostly epinephrine into blood. |
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Term
| parasympathetic neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| 1st neuron releases acetylcholine, 2nd releases acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| located on 2nd neuron in all autonomic and on membrane of effector organs. |
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| norepinephrine and epinephrine receptors |
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Definition
| alpha beta-1 and beta-2 located on effector organs |
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Definition
| binds norepi causes restriction/contraction |
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Definition
| binds norepi and epi equally, found in heart causes stimulation of heart. |
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Definition
| binds mostly epi causes relaxation/dialation |
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| are most organs innervated by symp and parasymp? |
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Definition
| yes, they act in opposition to one another. |
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Term
| blood vessels only recieve... |
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Definition
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| sweat glands only recieve... |
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Definition
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| salivary glands receive... |
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Definition
| both but produce different kinds of saliva |
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| parasympathetic and sympathetic tonic activity |
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Definition
| both active at low levels most of the time. |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system- blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow to digestion. blood vessels in heart dilate. increased heart rate, blood vessels in muscles dilate, airways in lungs dilate, glucose released. |
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Definition
| penis fills with blood, increased pressure restricts veins that drain blood=vasocongestion=erection. controlled by spinal reflex , brain can enhance or inhibit erection. |
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Definition
| stimulation intensifies, smooth muscle in penis contracts emiting sperm into urethra |
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| urethra filling with sperm triggers sympathetic response in muscles at base of penis contract and force out semen=orgasm. refractory period after...no orgasm |
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| stimuli trigger spinal reflex parasympathetically cause vasodilation of blood vessels in clitoris. brain can inhibit or enhance, vasocongestion causes release of lubricant, tightening, swelling of breasts. uterus raises, sympathetic contraction of pelvic muscle= orgasm, no refractory period. |
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Definition
| innervates skeletal muscle |
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| structure of motor neuron |
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Definition
| cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord, axon continues from spinal cord to skeletal muscle, axon terminals release acetylcholine. |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neuron has long myelinated axon, axon divides into many axon terminals at muscle. each axon terminal forms neuromuscular junction with muscle fiber. axon terminal has knob=terminal button. button fits in groove but does not touch motor end plate. |
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Definition
| motor neuron action potential reaches terminal. triggers Ca++ channels opening, Ca++ enters, triggers release of acetylcholine from terminal button. Ach binds to motor end plate which causes ion channels to open, lots of Na+ enters, depolarizing=end plate potential, graded potential.Ach then destroyed by enzyme. |
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Definition
| composed of ductless endocrine glands, release hormones inside body, blood transports. specific targets cells respond to specific hormones. |
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Definition
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| act on another endocrine gland to produce its hormone |
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Definition
| act directly on target cell to produce event |
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Definition
| small proteins, produced by penial gland, pancreas, GI tract, kidney, liver, thymus, heart. dissolve in water, not fat, transport in blood not plasma |
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Definition
| derived from amino acid tyrosine. tyroid amines T3 and T4, dissolve in fat not water, bound to protein to transport in blood. adrenal medulla- catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) dissolve in fat not water, bound to protein to transport in blood. |
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Definition
| derived from cholesterol, produces by adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta during pregnancy. dissolve in fat not water, bound to protein to transport in blood. |
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Definition
| can not pass through lipid bilayer, bind to membrane receptor, open/close ion channels to change permeability. |
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Definition
| able to pass through lipid bilayer. interact with DNA to alter transcription and produce new proteins. |
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Definition
| in brain, responds to light, produces melatonin, regulates body clock, jet lag drug. |
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Definition
| responds to glucose levels in blood. releases insulin promotes uptake of glucose and glucagon promotes increase in blood glucose levels. |
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| hypothalamus and pituitary |
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Definition
| pituitary located at base of hypothalamus. anterior pituitary makes and secretes 6 hormones. hypothalamus produces and releases 7 hormones. regulate via negative feedback. |
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