Explain the advantages of Specialization of Cells:

1. Division of labour

2. Interdependence of cells

3. Size

1. Cells are specialized to perform only 1 function and eventually they can do it effectively and efficiently.

2. The organism won't be greatly affected if one of the cell dies.

3. The organism doesn't depend on diffusion or high SA/V ratio to spread materials because of internal transport systems.  

Name a plant's organ systems

1. The shoot system: Everything above ground including tubers which are swollen stems that store food
2. The root system: Everything underground including aerial roots which are above ground.

Meristems are areas of rapid growth on plants. They are located on root and shoot tips.

Def b: they are regions of cells capable of division and growth on plants.

1. Epidermis or Dermal Tissue
2. Ground Tissue
3. Vascular Tissue

• Dermal tissue covers all herbaceous plants.
• It is replaced by cork and bark in woody plants.
• Dermal tissue is one cell layer thick.

In the shoot system organs Dermal Tissue/Epidermis is responsible for gas exchange.

In the root system organs the Dermal Tissue/Epidermis is responsible for the uptake of water and minerals from the soil.

• Ground Tissue make up majority of the plant.
• It is found as a layer beneath the Epidermis.

• Stem: Provide strength and support to the plant.
• Roots: Food and water storage.
• Leaves: Location of photosynthesis.

Xylem: Moves water & minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves.

Phloem: Transports sucrose and other sugars from the leaves to other parts of the cell.

Sieve tube cells are alive but they loose their nucleus, therefore companion cells direct their activities.

Formula for Photosynthesis

Formula for Cellular Respiration

Upper Epidermis

Palisade Tissue Cells

Spongy Mesophyll Cells

Lower Epidermis

Give some details on Palisade Tissue Cells

-Located beneath the upper epidermis

-They are long, rigid, and rectangular

-They are arranged so that the majority can be exposed to the sun

-They are tightly packed together

-They contain many chloroplasts and are responsible for photosynthesis

When controls the opening of the stomata and when does the stomata open?

Guard cells control the opening of the stomata. When light strikes these cells the CO₂ concentration goes down, this also stimulates the guard cells to gather potassium ions through active transport. The # of particles increases in a guard cell, therefore water also comes in through osmosis, and they swell up because of turgor pressure. The cell bulges outwards creating a cresent shape--this way the stomata opens.

• Located between the Palisade tissue cells and the lower epidermis
• Irregularly shaped, less rigid.
• Increased space between cells that allows for gas exchange by diffusion throughout the leaf.
• They move oxygen toward the stomata for expulsion.

1. Diffusion: The natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of water through a concentration gradient (looks opposite to diffusion)
3. Facilitated Diffusion: Carried out with the help of proteins that help molecules diffuse through the membrane. Channel proteins: create tunnels
   Carrier proteins: latch onto particles while changing their shape and physically move the particle across the membrane. One the particle is moved the protein returns to its original shape and spot.

What are the terms for when Plant and Animal cells shrink and swell?

Plant:

- Shrink: Plasmolysis

-Swell: Turgor Pressure

Animal:

-Shrink: Crenation

-Swell: Hemolyze

When is Active Transportation used. Name the types of Active Transport.

Active transport is used when a cell needs to move molecules against the concentration gradient. The types of Active Transport are:

-Endocytosis: (a)Pinocytosis: cell drinking--when the cell creates a dip

(b) Phagocytosis: cell eating--when the cell forms "arms" to take the molecule in

-Exocytosis: Removing waste

"An atom is an empty space"

Neils Bohr

Provides strength and support for the cell through a rigid frame. Only found in plant cells        

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The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the plant where useable energy is created (Converts sugar into ATP). It performs cellular respiration.

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Function of the Chloroplast. What pigment is found here?

The Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is found here

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The vacuole is used for temporary storage of food, water, and waste. Plant cells usually have one HUGE vacuole

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Lysosomes are the digestive part of the cell. They break down worn out organelles.

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Aide in protein production: assemble amino acids into proteins. Found in the rough E.R.

Production of fats and lipids.

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Protein Production. Contains Ribosomes.

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The cytoplasm is everything but the nucleus. It moves the organelles for faster distribution of materials a.k.a. Cytoplasmic Streaming

Semi-permeable membrane that allows the transport of materials

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The nucleus directs all cell activities, and it contains the DNA

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The Golgi Apparatus recieves vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulums, modifies them, packages them, then sends them off.

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Aristotle made careful observations and recordings, he also classified over 500 animal species.

Early compound microscopes were less efficient because they produced blurry images with halos of light surrounding the object. This was because light was being scattered as it passed through the lenses.

1. All living things are made of one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells.
2. All life functions can be carried out in a cell, making it the smallest unit of life.
3. Cells reproduce through pre-existing cells through cell division

H-CON

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

1. All matter is made up of Particles, particles in different substances are different in size and composition.
2. Particles are constantly moving
3. Particles are attracted to each other
4. Particles have space between them that may be occupied by different particles.

Water is polar therefore water molecules are attracted to each other. The slightly positive end of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative end of the other molecule.

Adhesion is the attraction of one type of molecules to other different molecules.

Water looks unleveled in a glass tube because water molecules are attracted to the glass on the sides, therefore they cling to this glass and try to inch up.

A source is where something is created; a sink is where something is stored.

Sink eg: Ground tissue of roots