Term
|
Definition
| Instruments used for viewing cells and other small objects to give an increase in both magnification and resolution |
|
|
Term
| simple light microscopes: light microscopes with only one lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compound light microscopes: light microscopes with at least two sets of lenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resolution is the ability to see two points that are close together as two separate points. |
|
|
Term
| Phase contrast microscope |
|
Definition
| Is a modified compound light microscope (CLM) that was developed to observe unstained, intact living cells. These microscopes use the fact that different parts of a cell transmit and change the direction of light to varying degrees and enhance that difference. The image produced has highly contrasting bright and dark areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluorescence microscope, which uses ultraviolet (UV) light to reveal compounds that have been stained with fluorescent dyes that bind to particular compounds in a cell. |
|
|
Term
| Transmission electron microscope |
|
Definition
| Instead of light, a beam of electrons with a much shorter wavelength passes through and is used to illuminate specimens. Instead of glass lenses that control the passage of light rays in LMs, a TEM has a series of electromagnets that each create an electromagnetic field to control the path of the electron beam. (@1930s) |
|
|
Term
| Scanning electron microscope |
|
Definition
| This instrument is able to provide detailed images of surfaces (see figure 1.19). An electron gun produces an electron beam that is focused onto one spot on the surface of a specimen and is then scanned back and forth along the specimen’s surface. The surface releases another set of electrons from the specimen and these form an image on a small fluorescent screen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The addition of a colour to stain compounds in cells that are normally colourless, for identifying them under magnification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of view of a specimen, generally with instrument (lens or microscope), to facilitate examination of the specimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A microscope condenser is a key part of a microscope. It focuses the light which passes through the stage of the microscope where the specimen is mounted, providing illumination, contrast, and clarity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Controls the amount of light let in (brightness)
Like aperture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance's movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of cells that are specialised in an identical way to perform a common function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of a group of tissues that work together to ensure a particular function is successfully performed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of organs serving a particular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains several organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than solution or a cell to which it is compared to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell's plasma membrane will shrink away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved substances than solution or a cell to which it is compared to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell will swell and then burst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that has the same concentration of dissolved substances than solution or a cell to which it is compared to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There will be no net gain or loss by the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion (concentration gradient) |
|
Definition
with it
that's why no energy needed |
|
|
Term
| What other processes do not need energy? |
|
Definition
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses carrier proteins to transfer materials through the cell membrane. Typically the transfer of materially that cannot diffusion in the cell membrane by itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Against the concentration gradient
Can also use carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Won't dissolve in water
Will dissolve in lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Waterloving
Will dissolve in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In osmosis, where will water flow? |
|
Definition
| Water will flow from a hyptotonic (low solute) solution to a hypertonic (high solute) solution. |
|
|
Term
| Happen happens to water in an isotonic solution |
|
Definition
| The net movement of water in both directions is the same such that there is no noticeable change - equilibrium is established. |
|
|
Term
| What are the states of plant cells during osmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the states of animal cells during osmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The substance dissolved in the solvent and thus solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Will have a solute dissolved in it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low solute concentration
High solvent concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High Solute Concentration
Low solvent concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two cell membrane layers made up of? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids (fats and oils + phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| What term describes cell membranes |
|
Definition
| Semi-selectively-permible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identifies how many units of external surface area (eg. cm squared) are available to 'supply' each unit of internal volume (eg. cm cubed). Achieved by dividing the surface area by volume. |
|
|
Term
| Surface area available in relation to it's volume affects... |
|
Definition
| the exchange of substances in and out of cells |
|
|
Term
| As volume of the cell increase, surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When cells grow larger they have ___ surface area available for the exchange of materials in and out of then by processes such as diffusion. |
|
Definition
| When cells grow larger they have less surface area available for the exchange of materials in and out of then by processes such as diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Does the shape of the cell affect SA:V |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are proteins that speed up and control chemical reactions in living cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way a protein molecule folds up causes it to form a specific shape called an active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are specific for only one type of substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance that an enzyme bonds with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20 naturally formed amino acids where the combinations of them form various different kinds of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of a protein where reactions happen like the part of the enzyme that joins with the substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism would slow at body temperature and not enough energy would be available to maintain life |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes are need in every living as |
|
Definition
| They reduce the amount of energy needed for reactions to start (activation energy) |
|
|
Term
| Two theories of how the active site of enzymes and substrates work |
|
Definition
Lock & Key model
Induced-fit model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors affect the rate of an enzyme reaction |
|
Definition
Temperature
pH
Enzyme Concentration
Substrate Concentration
Inhibtors |
|
|
Term
| Catabolic/ exergonic reactions |
|
Definition
Give off energy
eg) Larger substances broken down into smaller molecules |
|
|
Term
| Anabolic/Endergonic reactions |
|
Definition
| Need energy; usually synthesis reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The active site is highly specific for a particular substrate. Complementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bonds that form between an enzyme and its substrate can also modify the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can fit into the active site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of the substance to an area of lower concentration by a process that does not require energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane without an input of energy and down a concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Parts of a microscope do a diagram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
