Term
|
Definition
| all euks except plants, animals and fungi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| three species at the same time diverge from a single ancestory species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the unifying traits of protists? (5) |
|
Definition
| Membrane bound organelles, sexual/asexual reproduction, unicellular, nutritionally diverse |
|
|
Term
| feeding strategy of protists |
|
Definition
| photoautotroph, heterotroph, mixotroph |
|
|
Term
| what lineage gives rise to red and green algae? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic heterotroph engulfs photosynthetic cyanobacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple independent endosymbiotic events |
|
|
Term
| Five eukaryotic subgroups of protists |
|
Definition
| excavata, chromaveolata, rhizaria, archaeplastida, unikonta |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they have highly modified mitochondria, multiple flagella, and an 'excavated' feeding groove |
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Term
|
Definition
| Derived from secondary endosymbiosis of red algae. Dinoflagelates. Cause red tide, bioluminescent, and cause human diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the main component of plankton |
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Term
|
Definition
| amoeba-like, thread like pseudopodia. They are parasites of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| what make excellent index fossils? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| main groups include red algae, green algae, and land plants- they help with reef formation and is edible |
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Term
|
Definition
Amoebazoans; tube-like pseudopodia; choanoflagellates
ex: cellular slime mold |
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Term
|
Definition
flagellated collar cell, closest protist relative to animals
Cause human diseases |
|
|
Term
| fungi and ____ are closely related, but still diverged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are fungi? [type of eating] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| euks, cells walls of chitin, closely related to animals, absorptive heterotrophs, can act in many different lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| what are the lifestyles of fungus? |
|
Definition
| decomposers, parasitic, mutualistic |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Fungi: hyphae, and two types of hyphae |
|
Definition
it is the filamentous cell-the basic unit of body.
Septate and coenocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in hyphae-when there is a porous septum that separates the fungal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hyphae is made up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Fungi: haustoria |
|
Definition
| specialized hyphae that form symbiosis with host and exchanges or extracts nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Fungi: Mycorrhizae |
|
Definition
| mutualistic haustoria associated with plant roots; improves water/nutrient uptake |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Fungi: fungus trap |
|
Definition
| parasitic haustoria associated with nematodes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The haploid mycelium produces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spores are contained in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large component of cell walls |
|
|
Term
| What do haploid mycelium produce to get partners? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mycelia change the movement patterns in response to chemicals through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unique fungal structures form between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 fungal phyla? |
|
Definition
| Microsporidia, chytridomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular parasite that uses a polar tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aquatic fungi with flaggellated spores and gametes
spores contained in sporangium-reproductive structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual phase produces zygosporangium--persists for months in harsh environments, can stay dormant for months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces mutualistic mychorrhizae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual phase produces ascocarp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
club fungi
sexual phase produces basidiocarp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 'within plants' provide protection- helps fight off parasitic invasion |
|
|
Term
| what percent of plant parasites are fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phylum is fungus in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shared characteristics of plants - 4 |
|
Definition
| multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, cell walls of cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| algae most closely related to plants |
|
|
Term
| charophyceans are found where |
|
Definition
| shallow waters, temporarily |
|
|
Term
| what are the shared characteristics between plants and charophyceans? 4 |
|
Definition
| rose shaped complexes for celluluse synthesis, similar peroxisome enzyme, similar flagellated sperm structure, and phragmoplast |
|
|
Term
| what are phragmoplasts and where do you find them? |
|
Definition
| specialized microtubules that form during cell division. they are seen in charophyceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allowed for plants to select for a better organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| durable polymer that prevents spores/pollen from drying out: it protects the gametes |
|
|
Term
| what makes plants unique? 5 things |
|
Definition
| Apical meristems, alteration of generations, walled spores in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, multicellular dependent embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated cells allowing growth - essentially a stem cell. above ground shoots obtain light and CO2 while below ground roots get H2O and minerals vertical growth |
|
|
Term
| Alteration of Generations |
|
Definition
| multi-cellular 2n individual alternated with multicellular n individual-switch between hap/dip |
|
|
Term
| Alteration of generations: gametophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alteration of generations: sporophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Walled spores in sporangia |
|
Definition
| walls of sporangia protect spores- they need these adaptations to protect them form the harsh environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamete producing organ- can grow out of sporophyte/gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular dependent embryos |
|
Definition
| embryo is dependent on the mother |
|
|
Term
| example of a non vascular plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant life cycle for NON vascular & what do they need to reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do a gametophyte possess? |
|
Definition
| antheridia and archegonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sporophyte grow from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ sporophyte is growing out the the ____ female gametophyte...specifically the ____ |
|
Definition
| diploid, haploid, archegonium |
|
|
Term
| what do the bryophites lack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liverworts, hornworts, and mosses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that form tubes to transport water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water/mineral transport in vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugar/organics transport in vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant life cycle in vascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchor plants, absorb nutrients, provide support |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spine shaped lea with single strand of vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad leaf with vascular network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified leaves that bear sporangia - where spores are formed |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of sporophylls |
|
Definition
| homosporus and heterosporus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single spore that gives rise to both male and female plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| megaspore becomes female, microspore becomes male |
|
|
Term
| Vascular seedless plants examples |
|
Definition
| lycophytes, horsetails, whiptails |
|
|
Term
| significance of vascular plants |
|
Definition
| allows the plants biomass to enlarge--transformed land/atmosphere, facilitated industrial revolution |
|
|
Term
| Shared traits between plants/charophyceans and algae |
|
Definition
| multicellular, euks, photosynthetic, and cell walls of cellulose |
|
|
Term
| shared traits between plants and charophyceans |
|
Definition
| Derived traits: rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis, peroxisome enzymes, formation of phragomoplast |
|
|
Term
| Shared traits of all SEED plants |
|
Definition
| reduced gametophyte stage, heterospory, ovules, pollen |
|
|
Term
| Reduced gametophyte stage - sporophyte/gametophyte in SEED plants |
|
Definition
| sporophyte starts to become more dominant with evolution of vascular tissue- gametophyte is smaller and less significant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sporophyte embryo packed within food and encased |
|
|
Term
| where will gametophyte never exist when we're talking about seed plants? |
|
Definition
| outside the sporophyte--not seen, remember? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce megaspore and microspore that develop into male/female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female structure containing megasporangium, megasore and integument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 nucleus -> egg, 1 -> food supply, 2 -> bar bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will eventually form the food that the embryo will feed off of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male structure containing microspore, transferred via wind or animals-- water independent |
|
|
Term
| seedless plants do not depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evolution of seed plants occured when and in what period? |
|
Definition
| 350 MYA Carboniferous period |
|
|
Term
| Two groups of flowering plants |
|
Definition
| gymnosperms and angiosperms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeds are not contained within a vessel like they are in angiosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cycadophyta and Coniferophyta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phylum for gymnosperms: known as cycads: compound leaves with short trunks- dominant tree during Mesozoic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phylum for gymnosperms: pine/fir trees- most species rich of gymnosperms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovule surrounded by ovary or fruit; flowering plants |
|
|
Term
| Flower structure (in angiosperm) |
|
Definition
| Stamen, Carpel, Petal and sepal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male pollen producing structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female ovule producing structure-long, slender piece that connects the stigma to the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petals attract pollinators |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization in an angiosperm |
|
Definition
pollen lands on stigma; creates pollen tube along style. Pollwn contains 2 sperm nuclei
- one sperm fertilizes egg and one fertilizes polar nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What does the fertilization in an angiosperm give rise to |
|
Definition
| one zygote and the endosperm which feeds the zygote |
|
|
Term
| Once ovule is fertilized in angiosperm |
|
Definition
| ovary matures into a fruit |
|
|
Term
| different oragansims are classified by |
|
Definition
| how they absorb their nutrients |
|
|
Term
| how do fungi attain nutrients? |
|
Definition
| digesting outside & absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the derived traits of animals? 4 |
|
Definition
| multicellular ingesting heterotrophs, unique tissues, lack cell walls, intercellular junctions |
|
|
Term
| animals lack cell walls; fungus/plants have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 intercellular junctions |
|
Definition
| tight, desmosomes and gap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein binds to neighboring membranes; water tight--keeps fluids from flowing even though its not super strong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong rivet-like proteins that connect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged; important in heart beating |
|
|
Term
| who are the closest protist relative of animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First good animal fossils came |
|
Definition
| Edicaran biota 575 MYA: late proterozoic era |
|
|
Term
| basic body plans developed- what and when? |
|
Definition
| late protezoic era: radial symmetric, bilateral symmetry, and segmentation |
|
|
Term
| what situation were we in that helped the cambrian explosion really take effect? |
|
Definition
| the organisms had undergone modification so they were ready to get expanded |
|
|
Term
| Cambrian period; 550 MYA (4) |
|
Definition
| rapid increase in animal orgers, major phyla established, diversification likely caused by increase in O2, diversifying selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| haploid or diploid is dominant for fungus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humans reproduction # is mostly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) zygote undergoes cleavage 2) bastula undergoes gastrulation 3) gastrula has defined endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulatory genes that dictate the developing body plan |
|
|
Term
| what is the correlation between body axis and chromosomal position? |
|
Definition
| Linear; this is odd because usually cells get super broken up--why don't hox genes |
|
|
Term
| ___ mutations lead to ___ changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gene duplications allow for |
|
Definition
| greater anatomical complexity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in animal body plants; no matter how you cut something up, it is still symmetrical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal body parts: cut one way symmetrically, not any more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diploblastic- 2 dermal layers
triploblastic - 3 layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what coelems are we concerned about? |
|
Definition
| the ones in triploblastic thingss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body cavity is present, but not completely lined with mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| What are invertebrates; 2 definitions |
|
Definition
animals that dont have a backbone
animals that are not cordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phylas are invertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of animal species are invertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of animals are insects? |
|
Definition
| 75% - one class within one phylum make up this 75% |
|
|
Term
| what percent are beetles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all animals are included by what name |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primitive animals were (6 things) |
|
Definition
| asymmetric, diploblastic with no true tissue, no muscle, nervous system, digestive system, etc |
|
|
Term
Phylum porifera are symmetric/asymmetric
triploblastic/diploblastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum porifera - do they have organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are their unique structures and shells? 3 thigns |
|
Definition
Spicules - made of calcium carbonate: provide structural support (collagen is not supportive enough)
Choanocytes - collar cells; functioning unit
Diploblastic - ectoderm.endoderm.mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals with true tissues: possess nervous 'net', digestive system, contractile tissues, and radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Cnidarian are what animals |
|
Definition
| corals, jellyfish, hydras |
|
|
Term
Phylum Cnidarian
a/symmetric? diploblastic/triploblastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Cnidarian: what are the two distinct body parts? |
|
Definition
Medusa- mobile jellyfish
polyp - stationary corals |
|
|
Term
| what is the rudimentary digestive tract called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrovascular cavity takes what in and pushes what out |
|
Definition
| food in and pushes waste out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Evolution of bilateral symmetry and triploblastic tissue:
Three major bilateral animal groups: |
|
Definition
| deuterostomes, lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa |
|
|
Term
| evolution of triploblastic tissues allows evolution of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platyhelminthes, rotifera, mollusca, and annelida |
|
|
Term
| Phylum platyhelminthes: animals |
|
Definition
| flatworms e.g. tapeworms, flukes, planeria |
|
|
Term
| Phylum platyhelminthes: what is incomplete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum platyhelminthes: do they have a circular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum platyhelminthes: what are the three types |
|
Definition
| bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomates |
|
|
Term
| So, if something is triploblastic, we have to consider whether or not it is: |
|
Definition
| acelomate, pseudocelomate or true coelom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary trend that concentrates nervous tissue to one end--allows animal to sense the environment and react to it |
|
|
Term
| Phylum platyhelminthes: three structures unique to them |
|
Definition
ganglia - the beginning of the brain
eyespots - to see light |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Rotifera: what are they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Rotifera: what are four traits about them |
|
Definition
| complete gut, no circulatory system, corona, parthenogenetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliated discs for feeding - related to Phylum Rotifera: |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: what are they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: the main parts |
|
Definition
| foot-->visceral mass-->mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeding apparatus - organisms scrape material |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: range of cephalization and nervous system |
|
Definition
| it ranges from not advanced at all to really advanced |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: the four classes |
|
Definition
| polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: Polyplacophora |
|
Definition
| aka chitons:"many plates" typically have 8 plates; live on intertidal rocks--attach to rock, scrape nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: Gastropoda |
|
Definition
Snails: most have spiral shells
tirsion - 180 degree twisting of visceral mass, brings anus by head |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: Bivalvia |
|
Definition
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
They have hinged shells with adductor muscles (allow to open and close) shell forms on the mantle |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mullusca: Cephalopoda |
|
Definition
squid, octupi
means 'head-foot', no shell, active hunters, and they are super good learners |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida are what animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida have what- 4 things |
|
Definition
| complete gut, closed circulatory, some cephalization, some posses parapodia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
