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| 7 animal characteristics: |
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1) multicellular heterotroph
2) Cells lack cell walls
3) have nerves, can move (at some point)
4) reproduce sexually
5)Sensory structures, nervous system
6) extracellular matrix
7) cell junctions |
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| 4 main morphological features of animal kingdom |
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1)Dif. tissue types
2) body semmetry
3) body cavity
4) embryonic development patterns |
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| Metazoa (all animals): specialized cells |
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divided into 2 categories
1)Parazoa
2)Eumetazoa |
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| No specialized tissues or organs ex: Porifera (sponges) |
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| More than 1 type of tissue and organs. Ex: Arthopoda (insects) |
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| cephalization (head & tail) dorsal & ventral sides |
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| body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm. known as coelomates |
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| coelom is not completely lined with mesoderm. known as pseudocoelmates |
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| Lack body cavity entirely |
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| sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers |
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| mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians |
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| sponges. adults sessile (fixed in place), water flows out thru osculum. Choanocytes (endoderm) line sponge. mesohyl (mesoderm)between choanocytes & epithelial cells. Amoebocytes absorb food, digest it, and carry it to other cells |
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| Jelly fish. Mesoglea connects layers |
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| tubular body with tentacles surrounding openings (mouth & anus) fixed. |
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| Umbrella-shaped body with a mouth surrounded by tenticles |
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| Cnidocytes ( in tentacles) contain Nematocysts...a ... |
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| comb jellies. eight rows of cilia on surface. two long tentacles with out stinging cells. 1)colloblasts secrete sticky substance 2) first complete gut-mouth-anus 3)bioluminescent |
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| those that are pseudocoleom |
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| lophophorates, mollusks, annelids |
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flat worms. first with 3 embryonic germ layers-triploblastic
Acoelomate-lacking fluid filled cavity |
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flukes,parasitic
1)complex life cycle with multiple hosts
2)Chinese liver fluke
3))blood flukes |
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| pseuddocoelom. Protonephidia with flame bulbs |
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| unfertilized haploid eggs become degenerate males |
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| tube worms. all possess a lophophore which is a feeding device that also functions in respiration |
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| used to be in the muscle class |
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| has 3 body parts: foot, coelom, open cic. system |
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| 2 shells (muscles, clams, oysters) |
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| Squid, cuddlefish, octopus |
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| body plan: 1) repition of components, provides back up 2) voelom acts as hydrostatic skeleton 3) permits specialization |
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| leeches, hirudin (anticoagulant) may be used in reattachment surgies |
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| Ecdysozoa (molting animals) |
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| Have developmental options,such as morphing |
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| spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites |
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| crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles |
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| intentionally detach body parts that will later regenerate |
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| 4 distinguishing innovations |
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1)notochord-single, flexible rod
2)dorsal-hollow nerve cord
3)pharyngeal slits (for fish)or pouches
4)Postanal tails |
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| reptiles(crocs,gators) aves (birds) |
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| lampreys are agnathans meaning |
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| cartilaginous fish. composed of flexible cartilage. sharks teeth are not set into jaw |
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| egg retained in female, no placenta |
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| eggs developed in uterus, placenta nourishes young |
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| three features that differ from chondricthyes |
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1) bony skeleton
2) operculim (gill cover)
3) swim bladder for buoyancy |
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| walk on 4 legs. transistion to land meant: prevents desiccation, for movement and locomotion, allows reproduction on land possible |
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| amphibians use ___to force air into lungs |
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| 4 extra-embryonic membranes |
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1) amnion (innermost) protects embryo in amniotic cavity
2)yolk sac: yolk & nutrients
3)allantois:disposal of waste
4) chorion (outermost) with allantois for gas exchange |
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Desiccation- resistant skin
thoracic breathing
water conserving kidneys
internal fertilization |
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| became extinct 170mya, ancestor of warm blooded mammals |
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| cold-blooded line of reptiles |
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| class aves (birds) unique features to fly |
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| feathers, air sacs, reduction of organs, lightweight skeleton |
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| warm body temp, 4 chamber heart, acute vision, most are carnivores |
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| characteristics only to mammals |
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| mammary glands that secrete milk, hair, specialized teeth, placenta, enlarged skull. |
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| characteristics of primates |
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grasping hands, opposing thumbs.
large brain
some digits, flat nails
binocular vision,
complex social behavior |
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~6mya
split from primate progression
not neat process
1 or 2 species existed at 1 time |
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| specializes cells of a given type will cluster together. 4 types: 1) muscle 2)nervous 3) epithelial 4) connective |
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| specialized to contract. 3 types: 1) skeletal--attached to bone or exoskeleton 2)smooth--surrounds hollow tubes and cavities 3) cardiac--only in heart |
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| initiate new electrical signals, stimulate muscle, stimulate glands |
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| rest on basal lamina or basal membrane, |
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| connect, anchor, support. include blood, bone, cartilage. |
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| connective tissues form an extracellular matrix around cells to |
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1)provide scaffold for attachment
2) protects and cushions
3) provides mechanical strength
4) transmits information |
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| fragments of megakaryocyte are called |
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| the protein that allows blood to clot |
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