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| A process where organisms change their pigmentation in order to adapt to environments that are high in pollution. |
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| The change in beak shape in Darwin’s finches observed by the Grants is evidence for |
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| Branch of geology that studies rock layering and can be used to date fossils |
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| The existence of shared ancestry between two structures as evidenced by similar development and anatomy. |
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| Field of study that uses data from fossils to reconstruct the ecosystems of the past. |
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| Diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development that contains various clues about evolution such as gill slits. |
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| Humans and Birds have similar |
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| Shared molecular traits such as in DNA and proteins that indicate shared ancestors. For example a Rhesus monkey's DNA is 95% similar to a human's. |
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| The study of the distribution of species in geographic space and through geological time. For example the domestication of cattle. |
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| The independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. |
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| A developed first world country that has a low acceptance of evolution. |
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| A group of organisms that shares an ancestor. (monophyletic DNA) |
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| Two organisms that are able to reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring of both sexes. |
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| A group of organisms adapted to a particular set of sources, called a niche, in the environment. |
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| Asexual species that share the same genome. |
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| A type of prezygotic isolation mechanism where species occur in different areas, which are often separated by a physical barrier such as a river or mountain range. |
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| A type pf prezygotic isolating mechanism where species occur in the same area but they occupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environment of their parents. |
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| A type of prezygotic isolating mechanism where species differ in their mating rituals. |
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| A type of prezygotic isolating mechanism where species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day. |
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| Morphological impediments to successful mating between different species; often due to incompatible genital. |
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| A type of isolation that prevents the fertilization that occurs after sperm release. |
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| Reproductive isolation mechanism that acts after the point of conception. |
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| Separation of gene pools that follows a geographic separation of populations. |
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| Separation without geographical isolation, of populations into different lineages. Often due to habitat isolation. |
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| Evolutionary diversification of a lineage of organisms. |
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| The ancestral terrestrial vertebrates limb which has been subsequently adapted by modification for different uses/habitats. |
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| Phenomenon where an organism has undergone very little evolution throughout history possibly due to dominant survival features. |
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| Study of how living things, especially species, are related to each other. |
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| Description of the degree to which different species are related to each other. |
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| A group of related genes that controls the body plan of the embryo. |
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| Molecules of a single DNA molecule made from two different sources. |
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| A vehicle to carry the recombinant DNA molecule that can replicate in the host when it has been introduced. |
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| The process of inserting genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). |
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| The use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. For example inserting an immune system activation gene. |
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| A waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. |
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| Mitigating pollutant concentrations with plants that are able to contain, degrade, or eliminate the pollutants from the medium that contains them. |
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| Process of storing carbon dioxide or other forms of Carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming. |
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| One of the three primary germ cell layers; the most exterior or distal. |
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| One of the three primary germ cell layers; the innermost layer. |
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| One of three primary germ cell layers; the middle layer between endoderm and ectoderm. |
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| One of three primary germ cell layers; the middle layer between endoderm and ectoderm. |
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| A small parasitic bacterium found in primate genitals and respiratory tracts with the smallest known genome. |
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| Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and reproduce through mitosis. |
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| Pluripotent stem cells derived from the innermass of a blastocyst; have the ability replicate indefinitely. |
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| Undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that multiply in order to replenish dying cells or regenerate damaged tissue. They can generate all of the cell types from the organ in which they originate. |
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| The ability of a cell divide and differentiate into all the different type of cells in an organism. |
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| A stem cell that has the ability to differentiate into any of three different germ layers. |
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| Refers to progenitor cells which have the gene activation potential to differentiate into multiple but limited cell types. |
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| Process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. |
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| Pathway involved in all stages of differentiation. Passes signals from outside of a cell into the cell through cell surface receptors. |
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| A phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a three-layered structure known as the gastrula. |
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| The biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape. |
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| The process of programmed cell death (PCD) |
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