Term
| Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate _____, which powers work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| includes both aerobic* and anaerobic* respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy is captured in the form of____ and lost as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ____ a substance loses electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ______ a substance gains electrons (amount of positive charge is reduced) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An electron loses ________ energy when it moves from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative atom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron donor is called the _____ agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron receptor is called the _____ agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coenzyme _____ is a key electron carrier in redox reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NADH passes the electrons to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| breaks down glucose to pyruvate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| finishes breaking down glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| accounts for hte ATP synthesis because its powered by redox reactions |
|
|
Term
| breaks down pyruvate to alcohol or lactic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substrate level phosphorylation involves transfer of a |
|
Definition
| phosphate from a substrate molecule to ADP |
|
|
Term
| glycolysis takes place in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP is a substrate for _____. But_____ is also allosterically
inhibited by ATP and activated by AMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the electron transport chain _____ generate ATP as it passes electrons from one recipient molecule to hte next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the # of ATP molecules produced per molecule of NADH is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the # of ATP molecules produced per molecule of FADH2 is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between lactic acid and alcohol is that in alcohol ___ is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ pathways don't have to rely on glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ takes place within the mitochondrial matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ and _______ produced by the cycle of glucose metabolism relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron carriers that are reduced during the citric acid cycle must be ____ to take part in the cycle again. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP is synthesized by reoxidation of electron carriers in the presence of O2.
this is the process of |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| 2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation: |
|
Definition
| electron transport and chemiosmosis |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory chain is located in the inner _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During electron transport _______ are also actively transported. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ accumulate in the intermembrane space and create a concentration gradient and charge difference—potential energy! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Protons diffuse back into the mitochondria through ATP synthase, a channel protein.
Diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis.
this describes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP
this is the energy flow of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much ATP is made from cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a _____ anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids are broken down by _______ and yield acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An oxidized gram of ____ produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in anabolic pathways the body uses ______ to build other substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| _____ inhibits one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and ATP are coupled, you can't have one without the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ (Complex V) is a molecular motor also in the lipid bilayer, driven by proton passage through a channel that lets them back in again.
( all occurs in inner membrane of the mitochondria ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In concert with this electron transport, ______ are pumped out of the mitochondria into the inter-membrane space by Complexes I, III and IV, creating a higher pH (less acidic) within the innner mitochondrial matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - specialized fat cells, much richer than normal in mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It provides a proton channel from outside to inside, dissipating the proton gradient without making ATP, thus causing the ETC to run faster, creating...heat! |
|
Definition
| thermogenin...found in brown fat |
|
|
Term
| in photosynthesis... Plants take in CO2, produce ______, and release water and O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reverse of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-As in the mitochondria, separate membranes inside the organelle contain the proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis.
-Accumulation of H+ within a membrane bound space creates a concentration gradient which drives ATP synthesis.
these are characteristics of |
|
Definition
| both photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| water is the source of ____ released during photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis is an ______ process; the energy boost is provided by light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in photosynthesis ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced |
|
Definition
| water is oxidized.... carbon dioxide is reduced |
|
|
Term
| the type of rays that are most electromagnetic are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When a photon meets a molecule it can be:
Scattered— |
|
Definition
| photon bounces off the molecule |
|
|
Term
When a photon meets a molecule it can be
transmitted= |
|
Definition
| photon is passed through the molecule |
|
|
Term
When a photon meets a molecule it can be
absorbed= |
|
Definition
| —molecule acquires the energy of the photon. The molecule goes from ground state to excited state |
|
|
Term
| ____ Absorb in red and blue regions, transfer the energy to chlorophylls—carotenoids and phycobilins |
|
Definition
| accessory pigments in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
Energy can pass to another molecule if:
Target molecule is very near
Orientation is correct
Has appropriate structure
the molecules that meet this criteria are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ________ (pigment molecules bound to proteins) funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center |
|
Definition
| light harvesting complexes |
|
|
Term
| photosystem _____ functions first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when combined _______ & ______ engage in linear electron flow which produces ATP and NADPH using light energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Light energy oxidizes water → O2, H+, and electrons.
this happens in photosystem __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cyclic electron flow _____ ____ is released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ generates extra ATP which funds the Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by ________, but use different sources of energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria transfer ______ energy from food to ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chloroplasts transform _______ energy into the chemical energy of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from ____ to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stroma has a _____ H+ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclic electron flow may protect cells from _______ damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert ______ to _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the calvin cycle must take place _____ times, fixing ___ molecules of CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP = ribulose bisphosphate)
THESE ARE THE 3 PHASES OF THE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to generate one _________ , More energy goes into making a molecule of glucose than is taken out in cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On hot, dry days, plants close ____, which conserves H2O but also limits photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hot, arid conditions for carbon fixation are favorable for a process called ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a response to decreased carbon dioxide and increased oxygen levels when the stomata are closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photorespiration limits damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In many plants, _______ is a problem because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ & _____ Attach the CO2 to something else using a different enzyme
Then peel off the CO2 and send it to the Calvin cycle.
as an alternative to photorespiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells
This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzyme ______ has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These four-carbon compounds are exported to _____ cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids...which are then released in the day and used in the calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the basis of inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Griffith mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic
this proves that |
|
Definition
| DNA can transform bacteria |
|
|
Term
| a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses that infect bacteria are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses are basically DNA (or in some cases RNA) wrapped in a ___ coat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleotides:
nitrogenous base,
phosphate group
deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleotides:
nitrogenous base,
phosphate group
deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
| Erwin Chargaff reported that DNA composition _____ |
|
Definition
| varies from one species to the next |
|
|
Term
| Chargaff’s rule states that in any species there is an equal number of |
|
Definition
| A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases |
|
|
Term
| a crucial piece of DNA structure came through ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rosalind Franklin had also concluded that there were two _____ sugar-phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecule’s interior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two guys that used franklin's work in combo with their own to do hte DNA structure are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It is a double-stranded helix of uniform diameter
It is right-handed
It is antiparallel
these are the characteristics of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA structure predicts the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Watson and Crick’s ________ model of replication predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (derived or “conserved” from the parent molecule) and one newly made strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ model which was rejected, said that each strand is a mix of old and new |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ model which was also rejected said that the two parent strands rejoin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
THESE ARE THE TWO STEPS OF
1. The double helix is unwound, making two template strands
2. New nucleotides are added to the new strand at the 3′ end and joined by phosphodiester linkages. Sequence is determined by complementary base pairing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble” is called the |
|
Definition
| origins of replication, where replication begins (ori) |
|
|
Term
| on the lagging strand, the enzyme DNA ligase forms a ______ bond between 3' OH of the growing strand and the 5'phosphate in front of it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a Y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating at the end of each replication bubble... this is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A eukaryotic chromosome may have _____ of origins of replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA replication, Synthesis of the daughter strands proceeds in the ___ to __ direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA replication New nucleotide can only be attached to an available 3’ __ on the ____ |
|
Definition
| carbon on the deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
| ____ are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template |
|
Definition
| single stranded binding protein |
|
|
Term
| corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA replication begins with a short ____—a starter strand.
The____ is complementary to the DNA template. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ -an enzyme—synthesizes the primer one nucleotide at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| new DNA strand begins at the _____ end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in DNA replication.._________ attaches nucleotides to the 3′ end of the deoxyribose sugar component
-Uses the RNA primer as the starting point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA GROWS from the ___ end to the ____ end. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleotide precursers for DNA = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between ATP, the energy carrier and dATP the adenosine nucleotide building block for DNA? |
|
Definition
| Deoxyribose sugar in dATP |
|
|
Term
| Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a ______ because fo the 3 phosphate groups that were added |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dNTP supplies adenine to ____ and is similar to the ATP of energy metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As each monomer of dNTP joins the DNA strand, it loses two phosphate groups as a molecule of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mechanics of DNA elongation _____ between the two strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leading strand: DNA synthesized continuously. Away from __, towards ______ |
|
Definition
| away from origin towards replication fork |
|
|
Term
| The lagging strand is synthesized as a series of segments called _______, which are joined together by ______ |
|
Definition
| okazaki fragments which are joined together by DNA ligase |
|
|
Term
Cells have three repair mechanisms:
_____
___ repair
____ repair |
|
Definition
| proofreading, excision repair and mismatch repair |
|
|
Term
During replication:
DNA polymerases _____ newly made DNA, replacing any incorrect nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA can be damaged by environmental agents such as UV light, x rays, cigarette smoke, etc. When this happens the damage can often (but not always) be repaired by nucleotide ____ repair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ____ repair, A nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Limitations of ________ create problems for the linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes
The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5' ends, so repeated rounds of replication produce shorter DNA molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryote chromosomes have repetitive sequences at the ends called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are protective and prolong cell division, especially in rapidly-dividing cells, like bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzyme _____ contains an RNA sequence—acts as template for telomeric DNA sequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the flow of genetic information:
DNA nucleotide sequence --> _____ to the mRNA sequence ---> ____ to amino acid sequence (polypeptide) |
|
Definition
| transcribed to mRNA sequence ---> translated to the amino acid sequence of polypeptides |
|
|
Term
the genotype is the ____ sequence
the phenotype is the ___ sequence |
|
Definition
DNA nucelotide= genotype
amino acid=phenotype |
|
|
Term
Archibald Garrod saw a disease phenotype— alkaptonuria—occurring in children who shared more alleles as first cousins.
this investigation gave evidence that genes code for ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ organisms are Easy to grow or observe; show the phenomenon to be studied. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beadle and Edward concluded that Based on their results they developed a ______, which states that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme.
later revised to |
|
Definition
one gene one enzyme hypothesis
one gene one polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| Beadle and Edward concluded that Based on their results they developed a ______, which states that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme. |
|
Definition
| one gene one enzyme hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
|
Definition
| DNA transcribes to RNA which translates to a protein |
|
|
Term
| In a eukaryotic cell, the _______ separates transcription from translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ transcript is the initial RNA transcript from any gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mature mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores and attaches to ______ and translation of the message into polypeptide begins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single-strand _____ can fold into complex shapes by internal base pairing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So ___ nucleotides per amino acid is the smallest possible code that will provide enough information for at least 20 amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any single set of three nucleotides is called a ___ , and the set of all possible three-nucleotide combinations is called ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
| codon... combos are called the genetic code or the triplet code |
|
|
Term
| what part of transcription is for eukaryotes only? |
|
Definition
| Post-transcription modification |
|
|
Term
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Post-transcription modification (eukaryotes only)
these are the 4 steps in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during initiation of transcription ______ catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA, separates the two DNA strands & polymerizes the ribose nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA sequence that tells RNA polymerase “attach here”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins ribose nucleotide polymerization
what part of transcription is this describing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleotides added in 5’ to 3’ direction (just like DNA synthesis)
what part of transcription is this describing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription stops when RNA pol reaches a specific nucleotide sequence on the template: ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only eukaryotes need _____ which mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter is called a ____ ____ complex |
|
Definition
| transcription initiation complex |
|
|
Term
| A promoter called a _____ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription progresses at a rate of ___ nucleotides per second in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A sequence RNA polymerase adds a polyadenylation sequence: AAUAAA
The transcript is released another 10-35 nucleotides past the polyA sequence.
The transcript is a ____ that undergoes additional processing before it leaves the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ consist of a variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribo-nucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself
Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis
RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules
these three reasons are why RNA can function as an ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| introns may contain sequences that regulate ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called _____. In many cases, different exons code for the different _____ in a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exon ______ may result in the evolution of new proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Collect the right amino acids
tRNA
first tRNA carries start codon (Met)
2. Join together mRNA, ribosome and tRNA
3. Bring in tRNAs in order as mRNA is “read”
4. Connect the amino acids
5. Continue until stop codon reached
these are the steps of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each carries a specific amino acid on one end and Has an anticodon on the other end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon is called _____ and allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this enzyme ___ has to make a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid in order to have accurate translation |
|
Definition
| the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
|
|
Term
| _____ bring together tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis, and has more rRNA than a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. A = aminoacyl tRNA binding site
Incoming tRNA bringing the next aa in the polypeptide sequence
2. P = peptidyl-tRNA binding site
Holds growing polypeptide chain
3. E = exit site
tRNA exits the ribosome
these are the 3 ______ sites that ____ attaches to in each sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Termination of translation occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the ____ site of the ribosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The A site accepts a protein called the _____ factor which causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid.
This reaction releases the polypeptide, and the translation assembly then comes apart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A number of ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously, forming a ____ which enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often, translation isn't enough. Polypeptide chains are modified after translation or targeted to specific sites in the cell in order to make a ______ protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During and ____ synthesis, a polypeptide chain spontaneously coils and folds into its three-dimensional shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
besides folding How else can proteins be modified?
____ated or ____lated |
|
Definition
| methylated or phosphorylated |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the ____. Synthesis finishes there unless the polypeptide signals the ribosome to attach to the ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are marked by a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ribosomes make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can ribosomes switch from free to bound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does cell “know” whether the protein stays in cytoplasm or goes to ER?
A ____ binds to the signal peptide |
|
Definition
| signal-recognition particle (SRP) |
|
|
Term
| what is the only exception to the central dogma? |
|
Definition
Viruses: Non-cellular particles that reproduce inside cells; many have RNA instead of DNA.
Viruses can replicate by transcribing from RNA to RNA, and then making multiple copies by transcription. |
|
|
Term
After infecting a host cell a copy of the viral genome is incorporated into the host’s genome to make more RNA.
this type of virus is called a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are chemical changes in just ONE base pair of a gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The change of a single nucleotide in a DNA template strand can lead to the production of an ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ mutation: No change in protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ mutation: Amino acid substitution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ mutation= Stop codon introduced in the middle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ mutations in proteins are due to insertion or deletions in the DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a ___ mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It might be a little counter-intuitive, but ___ frameshift changes can actually cause the sequence to revert back to normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the |
|
Definition
| H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions |
|
Definition
| provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. |
|
|
Term
| The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+ |
|
Definition
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| When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? |
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Definition
| The pH of the matrix increases. |
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Term
| What provides electrons for the light reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration |
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Term
| Which process is most directly driven by light energy? |
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Definition
| removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules |
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Term
| The site of translation is |
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Definition
| ribosomes in the CYTOPLASM |
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Term
| Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? |
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Definition
| mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome |
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