• sahelanthropus tchadensis
• orrorin tugenesis
• ardipithecus kadabba and ramidus

• Anamensis
• Afarensis
• Platyops

central and east africa

• Garhi
• Africanus

south and east africa

Early: 400-500cc

Later: 450cc

• Boisei
• Aethiopicus
• Robustus

east and south africa

Darwin

Africa place of origin, bipedalism free hands for tools, intelligence needed for tool making, no longer need large canines for defense or hunting 

Rodman and McHenry

bipedalism more efficient to get from patches of forest to others, free hands to pick up food

Lovejoy

free hands with bipedal to have more children and birth spacing reduced, helped by males w/ provisioning and monogamy

• small brain: 450-500cc
• low forehead, large brow ridges, flat nose
• protruding jaw and no chin
• large teeth, parabolic and non-honing
• bipedal - pelvis/knee

• larger than graciles
• 410-530 cc brain
• human-like teeth but larger molars
• chewing harder foods - sagittal crest

• foramen magnum bottom of skull
• short front to back pelvis
• long leg to arm ratio
• double arch feet
• non-opposable big toe

bipedalism and non-honing chewing complex

before larger brains!

• see greater distances
• run long distances
• ease transporting food/children
• free hands

• exposure to predators
• back injury with carrying things
• circulatory system burdened
• foot injuries devastating

1.8-.3 mya

Nariokotome boy - Lake Turkana 1.6 mya

1.8-.3 mya

Sagiran, Java, Indonesia - 1.8mya

Peking Man - Zhoukoudian, China - .5 mya

1.2 – 0.4mya 

Sima del Elefante and Gran Dolina in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain

• larger brains/bodies
• long narrow skull
• large browridges, thick skull bones, sagittal keel, large teeth/jaw

acheulean tools - cooking fires (.5 mya)

schlep effect

homo erectus in africa

11-12 years old - also 8-9 predicted

900cc brain

footprints of homo erectus in africa

double arch and non-opposable big toe

average 1500cc

occipital bun, large brow ridges

teeth as third tool/hand

Mousterian/Levallois

 evolution happening regionally and without replacement – gene flow prevented speciation

homo sapiens sapiens

200,000 ya to present

200,000-6,000 ya

Herto

90,000-18,000 ya

Israel and China

35,000-15,000 ya

co-existed with neandertals until 28,000 ya

Czech republic, cromagnon

15,000 ya to present

came across land bridge

shovel shaped incisors shared between native americans and east asians

average 1500cc

range: 1000-1800cc

• larger brain
• high forehead
• chin
• reduced robusticity
• lack of occipital bun

blades and diversity in tool materials

shelters

hunters and foragers

art/music (cave painting and flute)

18,000 ya

primitive - brain 400cc, short, robust

may suffer from microcephaly or dwarfism

tool use

10,000 ya

animal domestication - 15,000 ya

evolved independently across globe

evidence amonst archaics - chewed food for example

Shanidar 1

flower ritual - Shanidar 5

beads later

to see/be seen by predators

prevent heat stroke

follow herds on savanna

Louis Leakey

Olduvi gorge

8-9 growth days on teeth

Dean

50,000 ya in europe

80,000 ya in africa

cave art 30,000 ya

• smaller more grace skeleton
• osteoarthitis goes down
• cavities due to more sugar and less fiberous
• population growth

parasites, iron/B12 deficiency, infections?

higher corn diet and c4 grasses