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| Osteodontokeratic technology |
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| Male provisioning hypothesis |
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| Gluteus medius/minimus/maximus |
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| traits present in multiple species of a group |
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| an upper canine that, as part of a non-honing chewing mechanism, is not sharpened against the lower third premolar |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 mya)
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| the earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism |
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Orrorin tugenesis (6 mya)
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| a pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism |
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Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8 mya)
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| an early pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a perihoning complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans |
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Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya)
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| a later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex |
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Australopithecus anamensis (4 mya)
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| the oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and a likely ancestor to Au. afarensis |
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| humans and human-like ancestors |
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| physical remains of part or all of once-living organisms, mostly bones and teeth, that have become mineralized by the replacement of organic with inorganic materials. |
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| the study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation |
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| major divisions of geologic time that are divided into periods and further subdivided into epochs |
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| divisions or periods (which are the major divisions of eras) in geologic time |
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| layers that are deeper are older than layers that are higher up |
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| a relative (chemical) dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal and human bones from the same site |
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| fossils that are from specified time ranges, are found in multiple locations, and can be used to determine the age of associated strata |
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| the radiometric dating method in which the ratio of C-14 to C-12 is measured to provide an absolute date for a material older than 200,000 years. |
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| Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating |
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