Term
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Definition
| means that the development of the fertilized egg takes place inside the mother; all humans are viviparous |
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Term
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Definition
3 major stages:
1. pre-embryonic
2. embryonic
3. fetal stages |
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Term
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Definition
first 2 weeks of fertilization, includes the pre-implantation & periimplantation periods; culmnates with foramtion of bilaminar embryo
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Term
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Definition
| covers the 3rd through 8th week; most complex of the stages; all of the tissue & organ system of the body are formed during this period |
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Definition
| begins at week 9; characterized by continued growth and maturation of all organs |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the birth after the 9 month long pregnancy |
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Term
| normal time for pregnancy |
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Definition
| 266 days, 38 weeks; divided into 3 trimesters |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates both fetal and maternal tissues; fetal portion develops from teh chorion; the maternal portion is known as decidua |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of the endometrium from the maternal portion of the placenta; it separates from the uterus at the time of birth |
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Definition
| large cells connected to each other by tight junctions that form around the invading conceptus in a change known as decidual reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| when the decidual cells form around the invading conceptus |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryo & other membranes |
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Term
| the three decidual regions |
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Definition
1. decidual basalis
2. decidua capsularis
3. decidua parietalis |
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Term
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Definition
| marks the region in which the placenta will develop |
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Term
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Definition
| is present in the early stages of implantation, but eventually disappears |
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Term
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Definition
| the endomaterial regions far from the site of implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| the proces by which the newly formed embryo establishes contact with the uterus and initiates the development of the placenta |
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Term
| fetal and maternal stages, do they remain separate or together? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the placenta defined by? |
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Definition
| the decidua basalis (maternal portion) & chorion frondosum (fetal portion) |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for the fetal portion |
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Term
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Definition
| defines the region in which the embryo and later the fetus develops |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the embryo/fetus to the placenta |
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Term
| principle function of the placenta? |
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Definition
| ensure the well being of the developing fetus, bitch |
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Term
| what does the placenta do to ensure the well being of the developing fucking fetus? |
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Definition
1. regulates maternal protein and energy metabolism
2. requires the pregnant female to increase her dietary intake
3. prepares the mammary glands so that the nutrional needs of the baby post-birth are met |
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Term
| estrogen function (placential hormone) |
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Definition
| maintain estrogen-dependent tissues; regulated by CRH; stimulates uterine growth & blood flow; stimulates growth of boobies |
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Term
| progesterone (placential hormone) |
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Definition
| maintains endometrial stability; inhibits maternal H-P-O axis; mammary gland development |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains corpus luteum function during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy; may stimulate embryonic & fetal pituitary; initiated by CRH |
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Term
| hPL & hPGH (placential hormone) |
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Definition
| regulates fetal growth, maternal and fetal energy utilization |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates hCG production; regulates plcental estrogen production; initiues parturition; may be the clock that regulates the length of human pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the coordinated activity of the placenta and the fetal adrenals and liver in producing steroid hormones in the pregnant female |
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Term
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Definition
| a fancy/bitch way of saying fraternal twins; when two oocytes are ovulated simultaneously and each is fertilized (come from two different zygotes/eggs) |
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Term
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Definition
| the fancy/fag way of saying identical twins; arise from splitting of the inner cells mass into two groups of cells; each inner cell mass develops into a separate embryo |
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Term
| location of high twinning rates (highest to lowest) |
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Definition
1. africia
2. europe
3. hawaii, japan, taiwan |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of events that begins with voluntary uterine contractions and ends with the expulsion of the fetus & placenta from the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with the onset of regular contractions of the uterus that are less than 10 minutes apart, culminates with the dilation of the cervix; usually 7 to 12 hours long |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when the amniochorionic membrane ruptures and the fetus passes through the dilated cervix and pussy; much shorter than the dilation stage |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the expulsion of the placenta; results in bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| begins after the expulsion of the placenta; takes 2 to 3 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively sharp increase in the estriol/progesterone ratio; a result of the rate at which placenta CRH is released into the maternal and fetal circulations |
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Term
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Definition
| ensures that the infant's lungs undergo the final changes required for breathing air and helps maintain CRH production by the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| important contributer to fertility control |
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Term
| mammary gland composition |
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Definition
1. adipose (fatty) stroma permeated by blood vessels and nerves
2. lactiferous ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| breast epithelial tissue involved in the synthesis or transport of milk |
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Term
| mammary gland development begins when? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the convergence of the ducts which drain different alveolar clusters |
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Term
| what happens if suckling doesn't take place (suckling is when the baby gets dat milk from the mommy's tit) |
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Definition
| proacltin levels decrease and milk production slowly diminishes over a 3-to-4 week period |
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Term
| what is necessary for prolactin release? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a complex mixture of fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| when does milk production begin? and with what? |
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Definition
| it begins at birth with the removal of placental hormones |
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Term
| why does fetal loss and birth defects occurs? |
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Definition
| result of disturbances in the development program that converts the zygote into a fully developed infant |
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Term
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Definition
| study of developmental disorders |
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Term
| factors of distrubances in normal development |
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Definition
1. intrinsic (genetic)
2. extrinsic (evironmental)
3. maternal factors |
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Term
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Definition
| defects in the conceptus itself, consequences of chromosmal aberrations |
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Term
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Definition
| maternal nutrional deficiency, exposure to environemntal agents known as teratogens (radiation, drugs, chemicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| result in the inability of the mother to support a pregnancy to term; endocrine disorders, malformations of the uterus...ect. |
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Term
| what account for a very large percentage of sponstaneous abortions? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is the embryo most sensitive to teratogenic effects? |
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Definition
| weeks 3-8 of gestation (when all of the organ systems develop) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the termination of a pregnancy due to "natural causes"; i.e. miscarriages/spontaneous abortions |
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