Term
Function of Circulatory System |
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Definition
Transportion: Respiration of gases, Nutrients, Hormones, Waste Substances. Regulation: Body Tempurature, Blood Clotting, Immune Function. |
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Term
| Components of Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart pumps blood through cardiovascular system; Blood Vessels carry blood from heart to cells and back. Includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, Lymph. Part of immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood Volume is 5L. 1) Plasma: straw colored fluid comprised of H2O and dissolved solutes (46 - 63%). Serum is fluid left when blood clots. 2) Formed Elements: (37 - 54%) RBC, WBC, Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of: Plasma Proteins (7%), Other Solutes (1%), Water (92%). Makes up 46-63% of blood. |
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Definition
| 60% of Plasma Proteins. Helps control blood pressure, osmotic pressure, transport of lipids, seteroid and hormones. Blood Volume. |
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Definition
| 35% of Plasma Proteins. Trasnports ions, hormones, lipids; immune function. |
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Definition
| 4% of Plasma Proteins. Essential component of clotting system. Can be converted to insoluable fibrin. <1% left in plasma components are regulatory proteins: enzymes, proenzymes, hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrolytes, Organic Nutrients, Organic Wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| Red Blood Cells (99.9%) White Blood Cells and Platelets (0.1%) |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Erythrocytes. Count is 4.3 - 5.8 million. Contain Hemoglobin which carries oxygen. Anaerobic Respiration. No Mitochondria or nucleus. Concave shape increases surface area for diffusion. Produced in bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Leukocytes. Have nucleus, mitochondria and amoeboid ability. Count is 5,000 - 9,000. Two types: Granular and Agranular. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocytes (30%) and Monocytes (largest). Phagocytic and produce antiobodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Thrombocytes. Smallest of formed elements. Constitute most of mass of blood clots. Releases serotonin to vasocontrict and reduce blood flow to clot. Growth factors to maintain blood vessel wall. Survives 5 - 9 days. Count is 130,000 - 400,000 |
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Term
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Definition
| is the formation of blood cells from stem cells in the marrow (Myeloid and Lymphoid tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| Red bone marrow of long bones. Erythropoienis and Leukopoiesis occurs here. |
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Definition
| Lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus. Lymphocytes porduced in bone marrow travel here; role in specific immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of RBC in bone marrow (2.5 million/sec). Stimulated by Erythropoietin (EPO) from Kidney. Old RBC removed by Liver, Spleen and Bone Marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of WBCs. Stimulated by veriety of cytokines. Autocrine regulators secreted by immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigens in RBC determine blood type. Antibodies in Plasma. Cross-Reaction (aggulutination) occures when Antigens meet Antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains Antigen A. Antibodies against B. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains Antigen B. Antiobodies against A. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains Antigen A and Antigen B. No Antibodies. Universal Receiver |
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Term
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Definition
| No Antigens. Antibodies against A and B. Universal Donor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rh+ contains Rh Antigen. Rh- does not contain Rh Antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+. Can cause Erythroblastosis fetalis if not treated with RHOgam during and after pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stopping of bleeding (by Positive Feedback). 1) Vasoconstriction restricts blood flow to area. 2) Platelet plug forms. 3) Plus and surrounding area are infilitrated by web of fibrin, forming clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of Platelet Plug. Platelet Aggregation. Damage to Endothelium allows platelets to bind to exposed collagen. Sticks to collagen and realeases ADP, serotonin and Thromoxane A2; called Platelet Release Action. |
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Term
| (role of platelets) Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 |
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Definition
| Stimulates vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to wound. ADP and Thromboxane A2 cause other platelets to become sticky and attach and under platelet release reaction. Continues until platelet plug is formed and blocks site of leakage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelet plug becomes infiltrated by meshwork of Firbrin which is formed of protein plasma. Fibinogen (Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin). Clot now contains Platelets, Fibrin and RBCs. Platelet plus undergoes Plug Contraction to form more compact plug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that prevent formation of blood clots by adding: Sodium Citrate; EDTA; Heparin; or Coumadin. Inhibits activation of Vit K which is required for blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Heart and Blood Vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Size of a fist. Works as a pump. Made of muscled called Myocardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| outside covering of heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sac that surrounds heart. Contains thin film of fluids for lubrication. Two layers: Visceral which is close to heart and Parietal which is close to chest wall. Collection of fluids in Pericardial sac is condition called Pericardial Effusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divided by septum into two halves: Right (oxygen poor blood) and Left (oxygen rich blood) FOUR Chambers: 2 Atria receive blood from venous system; 2 ventricles pump blood to arteries. Two sides of heart are 2 pumps separated by muscular septum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper chamber is the Atrium. Lower chamber is the Ventricle. Myocardium of Atria separated from ventricular myocardium by fibrous tissue. Atria contracts before Ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four Valves which allow blood to flow in one direction. 1) Tricuspid-between right Atrium and right Ventricle. 2) Mitral(Bicuspid)-between left Atrium and Left Ventricle. These two valves are called the AV (Atrioventricular) Valves. 3) Pulmonary-between right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery. 4) Aortic-between left Ventricle and Aorta. These two are the Semilunar valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries (carry oxygen rich blood from heart) Veins (carry oxygen poor blood back to heart) Capillaries (between for exchange of gases) |
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Term
| Structure of Blood Vessels |
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Definition
| Innermost layer of all vessels is Endothelium made of simple squamous epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of three layers: Tunica Externa (connective tissue) Tunica Media (smooth muscle) Tunica Interna (Endothelium and Elastin. Thick walls. Carries oxygen rich blood away from heart (except Pulmonary Artery). Pressue is high. Small arteries are called Arterioles. Large Arterioes are elastic containing lots of Elastin. Expand during systole/recoil during diastole. Small Arteries and Arterioles are muscular. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three layers: Tunica Externa (connective tissue) Tunica Media (smooth muscles) Tunica Interna (endothelium and Elastin) Thin walls. Carries oxygen poor blood to heart (except for Pulmonary veins). Pressure is low. Small veins called venules. Blood moved to heart by skeletal muscle pumps and pressure drops in chest during breathing. One-way venous valves ensure blood move only to heart. Only vessels with valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects between Arteries and Veins. Exchange of gases occures between blood in capillaries and different body cells. BLOOD GIVES ITS OXYGEN TO BODY CELLS AND TAKES AWAYT CARBON DIOXIDE. |
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Term
| Types of Capillaries: Continuous |
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Definition
| Endothelial cells tightly joined together. Narrow intercellular channels permit exchange of molecules smaller than protein. Found in muscle, lungs and adipose tissue. |
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Term
| Types of Capillaries: Fenestrated |
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Definition
| Wide intercellular pores. Very permeable. Found in kidneys, endocrine glands, and intestines. |
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Term
| Types of Capillaries: Discontinuous |
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Definition
| Large caps in eoothelium; leaky and large. Found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Pulmonary Circulation 2. Systemic Circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood circulates between Heart and Lungs. Blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and becomes loaded with oxygen. Pulmonary Artery is the only artery that carries oxygen poor blood. Pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen rich blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood circulates between Heart and Different Organs (systems) of the body. Blood gives oxygen to body cells and takes away carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart->Aorta->Arteries->Arterioles->Capillaries (exchange of gases) -> Venules->Veins->Heart |
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Term
| Path of Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation-Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood returns to Right Atrium via the two main veins: Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. Blood flows from Right Atrium to Right Ventricle through Tricuspid Valve. The Right Ventricle contracts to pump blood into the Pulmonary trunk which divides into Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries. In the lungs, exchange of gases takes place between blood in capillaries and air in the lung Alveoli. Blood bcomes oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium via Pulmonary Veins. Blood flows from the Left Atrium to the Left Ventricle through the Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve. The Left Ventricle contracts to pump blood into the Aorta through the Aortic Valve. The Aorta gives branches (arteries) to different body organs. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called Arterioles which give even smaller and tiny vessels called Capillaries. Exchange of gases occures between blood inside Capillaries and Body cells. Now blood becomes deoxygenated. Deoxygenated blood collects into small veins (venules) which join to form bigger veins. Veins from the lower poart of the body join to make the Inferior Vena Cava whle veins from the upper part of the body make the Superior Vena Cava. The SVC and IVC bring Deoxygenated blood back to the Right Atrium and another Cardiac Cycle begins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart: Systole-contraction phase(ventricles); Diastole-relaxation phase(ventricles). Both Atria contract simultaeouly. Ventricles follow 0.1 - 0.2 seconds later. Atria always opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
| End-Diastolic Volume (Total) is the volume of blood in Ventricles at the end of diastole. Stroke Volume (Spent) is the amount of blood ejected from Ventricles during Systole (per beat) End-Systolic Volume (Left) is the amount of blood left in Ventricles at the end of Systole. Cardiac Output- is Stroke Volume times beats per minute-amount pumped per minute. |
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Term
| Four Phases of Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
| 1. Isometric Ventricular Contract 2. Ventricular ejection 3. Isometric Ventricular Relaxation 4. Ventricular Filling |
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Term
| Cardiac Cycle 1. Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction |
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Definition
| Valves close-no volume change; pressure increases (exceeding that in Aorta) causing opening of Semilunar Valves. |
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Term
| Cardiac Cycle 2. Ventricular ejection |
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Definition
| Ventricle contracts pushing valves open and ejects blood. Pressure becomes less, closing valves. |
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Term
| Cardiac Cycle 3. Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation |
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Definition
| Pressure in Ventricle has become less than in Aorta; back pressure closes Semilunar Valves. Relaxed (all valves closed) pressure decreaases, less than in Atria. Blood flows from Atria to Ventricle. |
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Term
| Cardiac Cycle 4. Ventricular Filling |
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Definition
| When pressure in Ventricles falls below Atria, AVs open and Ventricles fill again. Atrial Systole sends its blood into Ventricles. The Ventricles begain filling again and cycle starts all over again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closing of AV (Tricuspid and Bicuspid) and Semilunar Valves (Aortic and Pulmonary valves) produces sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. 1st sound-Lub produced by clsing of AV Valves. 2nd sound-Dib produced by clsing of Semilunar Valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal sounds produced by abnormal patterns of blood flow in heart. Caused by Defective heart valves, Congenital defects, Rheumatic fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitral valve becomes narrow impairing blood flow from Left Atrium to Left Ventricle. Accumulation of blood in Left Atrium can cuase Pulmonary Hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valves don't close properly. Can be from damage t Papillary Muscles or the Valve Cusps. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood flows from Atria into ventricles through one-way AV valves |
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Term
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Definition
| during ventricular contraction blood is pumped through aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves; closed during relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closing of AV valves. SL valves open. RV and LV contracting (systole). Blood flowing from RV to Pulmonary Arteries (to lungs) and from LV to Aorta. Immediately after QRS wave as AV valves close. Atrial diastole and Ventricular systole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closing of SL Valves. AV valves open. Atrial systole; Ventricular diastole. Blood flowing from atria to ventricles. Comes as T wave begins and semilunar valves close. Ventricular Filling. |
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Term
| Electrical Activity of Heart |
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Definition
| Myocardial cells are: short, branched and interconnected by gap junctions. Entire muscle that forms is called myocardium and contracts as one unit. Chambers are separated by nonconductive tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pacemaker. Depolarizes spontaneously to threshold (pacemaker potential) |
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Term
| Conducting Tissues of Heart |
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Definition
| From one muscle to the next. APs from SA Node spread through Atrial myocardium. BUT it needs a special pathway to Ventricles. AV Node at base of right Atrium and Bundle of His (AV bundle) conduct APs to Ventricle. In spetum of ventricles, His divides into right and left bundle branches which gives rise to Purkinie fibers in walls of Ventricles. Stimulates contraction of Ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| APs from SA Node spread at a rate of 0.8 ti 1 n.sec in Atrial wall. Time delay occures as APs pass through AV Node; slow conduction of 0.03 ti 0.05 m/sec. AP speed increases in Purkinje fiberto 5 m/sec. VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION BEGINS 0.1 ti 0.2 seconds after contraction of Atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upstroke occures as VG Na+ channels open. MP rapidly declines to 15 mV. Stays there for 200 to 300 msec (plateau phase). Plateau results from balance between slow Ca2 influx and K+ efflux. Repolarization due to opening of extra K+ channels. |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Definition
| Depolarizaiton of myocaridal cells open VG Ca2+ channels in sarcolemma. This depolarization opens Ca2+ release channels in SR. (calcium stimulated calcium release) Ca2+ binds to troponin and stimulates contraction (for cross bridges) During repolarization, Ca2+ is pumped out of cell into SR. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart contracts as synctium (one unite or one cell). thus cannot sustain force. Has a Refractory Period almost as long as AP. CANNOT be stimulated to contract again until relaxed. This allows for filliing phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of electical activity of heart conducted through ions in body to surface. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by Atrial depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by entricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| result of Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| from start of P wave to start of QRS complex |
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Term
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Definition
| from end of P wave to start of QRS complex |
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Term
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Definition
| from end of S wave to start of T wave |
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Term
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Definition
| from start of QRS complex to end of T wave |
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Term
| Functions of Lymphatic System |
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Definition
| Transports intertitial fluid back to blood (between cells). Transports absorbed fat from small intestine to blood. Helps porvide immunological defenses against pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac Output is volume of blood pumped by each Ventricle per minute. Stroke Volume is volume of blood pumped by each Ventricle per beat. CO=SVxHR. Average CO is about 5.5 L/min. Total blood volume is about 5.5L. |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on Heart Rate and Stroke Volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| without neuronal influences, SA NODE will drive heart at the rate of its spontaneous activity. AUTONOMIC innervation of the SA Node is the main factor that controls HR. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve fibers modify rate of spontaneous depolarization (chronotropic effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic (NorEpinephrine and Epinephrine) of Adrenal Gland INCREASES HR. Parasympathetic (acetylcholine) DECREASES HR. THE ACTUAL HR depends on the net effect of these two antagonistic influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medullat Oblangata coordinates activity of Autonomic Innervation of heart. |
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Term
| Three Variables of Stroke Volume |
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Definition
| 1) End-Diastolic Volume 2) Contractility 3) Total Peripheral resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of blood in Ventricles at End Diastole. AKA Preload (before Ventricles contract) INCREASE IN THE EDV leads to increase in SV. Depends on Venous Return. INCREASE Venous Return increases End Diastolic Volume -> increases Stroke Volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of Ventricular contraction. Strength of contraction increases with increased EDV. STRONGER contractions increase SV. |
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Term
| Total Peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| AKA Afterload (after Ventricles contract) Resistance to blood flow in Arteries. MORE resistance decreases SV. |
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Term
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Definition
| dependant on: Blood volume and venous pressure; skeletal muscle pumps. Pressure drops in chest cavity during inhalation. Venconstriction caused by Sympathetic fibers. |
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Term
| Contractility of Heart Muscle |
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Definition
| the strength of Heart contractions (Ventricles). Controlled by two mechanisms: Intrinsic and Extrinsic |
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Term
| Intrinsic Control of Contractility |
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Definition
| Frank-Startling Law of the Heart: THE STRENGTH of Ventricular contractions varies directly with EDV. As EDV increases, myocardium is stretched more, causing stronger contraction that leads to increase in SV. Force of contraction depends on initial length of cardiac muscle fiber. |
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Term
| Extrinsic Control of Contractility |
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Definition
| Contractility (strength of contraction) depends on level of Sympathoadrenal activity: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (suprarenal. Produces an increase in contraction strength(Positive Intropic Effect) ALSO increases the HR (Chronotropic Effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of SV to the EDV. At rest 60%; EDV is 110-130ml; SV is 70-80ml. Exercise can increase this to up to 90%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular Compartment contains 2/3rds H2O. Extracellular Compartment contains 1/3rd total body H2O; 8-% of this is interstitial and 20% is blood plasma. |
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Term
| Exchange of Fluid between Capillaries and Tissues |
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Definition
| Distribution of ECF between blood and intestitial compartments is the state of Dynamic Equilibrium. Two Froces: Hydrostatic Pressure (BP) and Osmotic Pressure (Colloid Pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| BP. Moves (forces out) fluids from capillaries to interstitial spaces. Movement out of capillaries driven by Hydrostatic pressure exerted against capillary walls. Promotes formation of tissue fluid. Net Filtration Pressure=HP in Capillaries minus HP of ECF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colloidal Pressure created by plasma. Moves water from interstitial spaces back to capillaries. Osmotic (Colloid) Pressure caused by proteins in fluids. Difference between Osmotic pressures inside and outside of capillaries affects water movement: plasma osmotic pressure = 25mmHg; interstitial osmotice pressure = 0mmHg. PROMOTES movement of water from interstitial fluid back to blood in capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive accumulation of ECF. Caused by: High BP, Venous Obstruction, leakage of protein plasmas into ECF, low plasma protein caused by liver disease, Myxedema (excess production of glycoprotein in EC matrix) from Hypothyroidism. |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Volume |
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Definition
| Adjusted according to needs of the body by hormones: ADH-released by Poserior Pituitary when Osmoreceptors detect High Osmolality in plasma; ADH is inhibited by Low Osmolality; Aldosterone-helps maintain blood volume and pressure through reabsorption and retention of salt and water. Released by: salt deprivation, low blood volume and low BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two Main Factors: 1) Pressure difference-greater the pressure difference, the more blood flow. 2) Diameter of Blood Vessels (resistance)-small Arteries and Arterioles are most important. **Vasodilation decreases resistance and increases blood flow. ** Vasoconstriction increases resistance and decreases blood flow. |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Flow-Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Two Mechanisms: 1) Extrinsic Regulation: ANS-Symapthetic and Parasympathetic; Endocrine Systme 2) Intrinsic Regulation: Myogenic and Metabolic |
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Term
| Extrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow |
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Definition
| Sympathoadrenal causes: Increased CO and HR; Vasocontstriction of Arterioles in skin and viscera; Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. **Blood is diverted away from viscera and skin to skeletal muscles. Parasympathetic only innervates digetive tract, genitalia and salivary glands-NOT as important in blood flow. |
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Term
| Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow (Autoregulation) |
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Definition
| Maintains fairly constant blood flow despite BP variations. 1) Myogenic Control Mechanisms 2) Metabolic Control Mechanisms |
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Term
| Myogenic Control Mechanisms (Intrinsic Regulation) |
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Definition
| occurs in some tissures because vascular smooth muscle contracts when stretched and relaxes when not stretched. Eg: decreased arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to dialate and visa versa. |
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Term
| Metabolic Control Mechanisms (Intrinsic Regulation) |
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Definition
| Increase blood flow to local tissues to meet their metabolic requirements in response to: lower O2 levels, lower CO2 levels, lower PH (lactic acid). Leads to vasodilation which increases blood flow (reactive hyperema) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not normally influenced by sympathetic activity. Regulated by Intrinsic Mechanism. Myogenic Regulation when BP increases, cerebral Arterioles constrict; when BP decreases, cerebral Arterioles dialate. Myobolic Regulation: Arterioles dialate and constrict in response to CO2 levels. ** Areas of brain with high metabolic activity receive most blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thermoregulation. 37 degrees C (98.6F) Sympathetic activity closes surface capillaries during cold and during Fight-and Flight. Opens them in Heat and Exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure of blood against arterial wall. Arterioles play important role. Controlled by: HR, SV, Peripheral Resistance, Increase in any of these results in increased BP. Sympathoadrenal activity raises BP by: Arteriole vasocontriction and increased CO. Kidney plays role in BP by regulating blood volume and thus SV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flow to capillaries is controlled by diameter of Arterioles. Capillary BP is decreased because they are downstream of High Resistance Arterioles. Capillary BP is also low because of Large Total Cross-Sectional Area. BP of Arteriolar end of capillaries is 37mmHg and only 17mmHg at the Ventricular End. ** BP is 0 @ SVC and Right Atrium junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by changes in BP. Located in Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinuses. **Decrease in BP causes Sympathetic stimulation. ** Increase in BP causes parasympathetic stimulation. They sent APs: Vasomotor; Cardia Control Centers in Medulla Oblangata. **Most sensitive to sudden decrease in BP (going from laying to standing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Systolic-1st sound; Diastolic-when no sound can be heard (Korotkoff sounds) |
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Term
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Definition
| Systolic Pressure minus Diastolic Pressure. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary or Essential-caused by complex and poorly understood processes. Secondary caused by known disease processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contitutes most cases. Prolonged high BP causes thickening of Arterial walls resulting in Arteriosclerosis. Kidney unable to excrete Na+ and H2O. |
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Term
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Definition
| Silent Killer. Ventricular Hypertrophy. Congestive Heart Failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate Blood Flow or Inadequate O2 supply to tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulatory Shock due to Low Blood Volume; decreased CO and BP. Signs: Low BP, Rapid weak pulse, Cold clammy skin, Low urine output |
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Term
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Definition
| Severly low BP due to Sepsis. Occurs as result of Endotoxin released from Bacteria; induces NO production causing vasodilation causing fall in BP |
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Term
| Other causes of Circulatory Shock |
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Definition
| Anaphylactic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock |
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Term
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Definition
| severe allergic reaction causing fall in BP due to release of Histamine causing vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in sympathetic tone following spinal cord damage or anesthesia leading to vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| follows Cardiac Failure resulting from infarction that causes significatn myocaridal loss |
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Term
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Definition
| CO is insufficient to maintain adequate blood flow. Caused by MI, Congenital Defects, Aortic Valve Stenosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three Functions: Ventilaion, Gas Exchange, and O2 Utilization |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement or Air in and out of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| External: Between Air and Lungs. Internal: Between Blood and Body Cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usage of O2 by cells and tissues AKA Cellular or Aerobic Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Conductin Zone and Respiratory Zone |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts, cleans, filters and humidifies air. No exchange of gases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange of gases. Gas exchange is Passive Transport-Simple Diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Contracts during inspiration INCREASING volume. Relaxes during expiration DECREASING volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains: Heart, Lungs, Trachea, Esophagus and Large Blood Vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ventilation Influenced By |
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Definition
| Compliance, Elasticity and Surface Tension. Air moves from High pressure to lower pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of lung to expand under pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of lungs to return to original size; due to high content of Elastin Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Intrathoriacic pressure decreases and air flows inside |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrathoracic pressure increases; Air flows outside |
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Term
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Definition
| Tidal Volume, IRV, ERV, VC, Total Lung Capacity, Inspiratory Capcity, Functinal Residual Capacity, Residual Volume, Autonomical Dead Space |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air inspired or expired per breath in normal quite breathing |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| Maximum volume of air that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to TV. |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| Maximum Volume of air that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to TV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air after Maximum Inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal Tidal Expiration |
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
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Definition
| Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal Tidal Expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| concentration gradient factor that causes simple diffusion in exchange of gases. Pressure that particular gas in mixture exerts independently |
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Term
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Definition
| Total pressure of a Gas Mixture is the sum of Partial Pressure of each in the Mixture |
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Term
| Gas Exchange in the Lungs |
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Definition
| driven by Partial Pressure of gases between Alveioli and capillaries. High partial pressure to low partial pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of blood flow through Pulmonary circuit EQUALS flow through Systemic circulation BUT pressure is pumped at lower presssure because Pulmonary Vascular Resistance is lower than Systemic capillaries. This avoids Pulmonary Edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain Stem Respiratory Centers. Medulla Oblangata and Pons. |
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Term
| Barin Stem Respiratory Centers |
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Definition
| Medulla Oblangata and Pons |
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Term
| Effects of Blood PCO2 and pH on Ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4-O2 molecules; 4 heme ferrous ions (iron) make bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 in blood is bound to Hb inside RBs as (not in plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hb combined with carbon monoxide |
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Term
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Definition
| red pigment found exclusively in striated muscle. Releases O2 only at low PO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| transported in blood as: Dissolved CO2(10%), Carbominohemogloving (20%) and Bicarbonate ion (70%) |
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Term
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Definition
| 7.35 to 7.45 pH. Most import buffer is Bicarbonate to keep acidity down |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough CO2 breathed out of lungs. Acidity builds causing Respiratory Acidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| too much CO2 is breathed out of lungs. Acidity drops, causing Respiratory Alkalosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum rate of oxygen consumption before blood lactic acid levels rise as a result of Anaerobic Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Air passes from mouth to trachea to right and left bronchi to bronchioles to respiatory bronchioles to alveoli |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Ventilation |
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Definition
| Ventilation results from pressure differences induced by changes in lung volume. High to low |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Increased volume = decreased pressure and visa versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| During insrpiation, negative pressure (low) created causes air to move into lungs. * Negative pressue is due to increase in volume (more space) *There is greater pressure outside as compared to inside causing the movement of air to area of lower pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation consists of inspiration and expiration. * Accomplished by alternately increasing and decreasing volumes of thorax and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| *Insiration occurs because diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume. *Increasing in volume creates low/negative intrapulmonary pressure and air moves in. |
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Term
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Definition
| *Passive recoil of diaphragm and intercostal muscles *Decreases thoracic volume *Results to increase intrapulmonary pressure and air move out |
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Term
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Definition
| Automatic breathing is influenced by activity of chemorecptors that monitor blood PCO2, PO2 AND pH. *Central and Peripheral |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| in large arteries near heart (aortic) and carotids |
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Term
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Definition
| As pH of blood becomes acidic (lower pH) the affinity (binding) of Hb for oxygen lowers, resulting to the release of more oxygen to tissues |
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Term
| Four Functions of Digestive System |
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Definition
| Ingestions, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| of food. Food intake, Mastication and Swallowing (Deglutition) |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down of food into simple nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of simple nutrients into blood stream and Lymph. Absorption of Nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| of waste. Indigestible components of blood (defecation) |
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Term
| Anatomy of Digestive System |
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Definition
| Two Components: 1) Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal) aka Gastrointestinal tract. Tube extends from mouth to anus. 2) Accessory Digestive Organs: Salivary Glands, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas |
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Term
| Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal) or Gastrointestinal Tract |
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Definition
| Tube extends from mouth to anus.Made up of Mouth and Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophogus, Stomach, Small Intesting (Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum), Large Intestine (cecum, appendix, ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal and anus) |
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Term
| Accesory Digestive Organs |
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Definition
| secretes substances to help digestion. Consists of Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas |
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Term
| Microscopic Structure of GI Tract |
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Definition
| Four layers (Tunica): Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner most layer-simple columnar. *Absorptive and secretory layer lining lumen of GI tract *Has folds called Villi * contiains Mucus-secreting goblet cells and thin layer of muscle (muscular mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular Connective Tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Two layers of smooth muscle: Inner Circular and Outer Longitudinal |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost layer; binds and protects. Consists of Areolar-Connective tissue covered with layer of simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
*By ANS-Parasympathetic and Sympathetic *Intrinsic System-The
Enteric Nervous System *Hormonal and Paracrine Signals influence GI Motility |
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Term
| ANS GI Tract Regulation-PARASYMPATHETIC |
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Definition
| *Vagus Nerve *Stimulates Motility and secretions of GI Tract |
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Term
| ANS GI Tract Regulation-SYMPATHETIC |
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Definition
| Reduces, slows, inhibits peristalsis and secretions of GI tract |
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Term
| ANS GI Tract Regulation-SYMPATHETIC |
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Definition
| Reduces, slows, inhibits peristalsis and secretions of GI tract |
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Term
| Regulation of GI Tract-Enteric Nervous System |
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Definition
| Intrinsic system that controls movement |
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Term
| Regulation of GI Tract-GI Motility |
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Definition
| Influenced by Hormonal and Paracrine signals |
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Term
| Regulation of GI Tract-Hormonal Signals |
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Definition
| Chemical substances released by organ to affect another organ through the blood stream |
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Term
| Regulation of GI Tract-Paracrine Signals |
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Definition
| substance secreted by one tissue to affect another tissue in the same organ |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine or Colon |
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Term
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Definition
| Teeth, Lips, Tongue. *Chewing (Mastication) breaks down food and mixes it with saliva which contains the enzyme salivary Amylas for digestion of starches * Swallowing (Deglutition) 3 Phases: 1) Oral Phase-voluntary and forms food bolus 2) Pharyngeal 3) Esphageal-involuntary and cannot be stopped. TO SWALLOW, larynx is raised so that epiglottis covers entrance to respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| *commons pathway for both food and air. NO DIGESTION occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| *Tube from pharynx to stomach *Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium *Passes through Diaphragm via Esphageal Hiatus. NO DIGESTION HERE |
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Term
| Movement of Food through Digestive Tract |
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Definition
| *Peristalsis-wave-like muscular contractions produced by circular and longitudinal muscle layer; moves food. *Gastroesophageal Sphincter constricts preventing reflux. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three Regions: Fundae, Body, Pylorus |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastric Glands contains five cells that secrete different products that form Gastric Juice: Parietal Cells, Chief cells, Goblet cells, G cells, and Enterochromaffin-like cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete HCL and Intrincis factor necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption in Intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes Pepsinogen (inactive precursor for Pepsin) |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes mucos protecting wall of stomach from acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Enterochromaffin-like Cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted in response to hormone Gastrin (G cells) and ACH from Parasympathetic. Bother indirectly stimulate release of Histamine (Enterchromamaffin-like cells) which stimulates Pariteal Cells to secrete HCI. *Gastric Juice is very Acidic (<2 pH) *Converts Pepsinogent to Pepsin which is more active at low pH |
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Term
| Protective Mechanism of Stomach |
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Definition
| Parital and Chief cells are impermeable to HCI *Layer of Alkaline Mucus (Goblet Cells) containing HCO3 *Tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells *Rapid cell division-entire epithelium replaced very three days |
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Term
| Digestion and Absorption in Stomach |
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Definition
| **Proteins are patially digested in stomach by Pepsin (Chief Cells) *Carbs and lipids are not digested *Carb digestion by Salivary Amylas is inactivated by acidity *Alcohol and Aspirin are absorbed in the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives food, Inital digestion of Proteins, Killing Bacteria, Keeping food till it becomes Chyme, Moving Chyme into Duodenum |
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Term
| Functions of Small Intestine |
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Definition
| Digestion: *Carbs in mouth *Proteins in stomach *Lipids in small intestine. Absorption: *Nutrients-small intestines, Water |
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Term
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Definition
| Longest part of GI Tract. Includes: Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum. Surface area increased by folding projections *Large Circular Folds are Pilcae Circularis *Microscopic finger-like projections are Villi *Apical hair-like projections of Plasma Membrane are Microvillia (Brush Border) *Villi covered with Simple Columnar Epthelial cells with Goblet Cells that secrete mucos *Epithelial Cells covering Villi contain Microvilli *INside each villus are: capillaries and Central Lacteral |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st section 25 cm after pyloric sphincter. 1) Bile from liver for the digestion of fats 2) Pancreatic Juice from Pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| *Last 3/5ths *Empties into Large Intestine *Joins LI at Ileocecal Valve |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to microvilli are Brush Border Enzymes that are not secreted into lumen*Disaccharides (digestion of) Sucrase, maltase, and lactase*Peptisdase |
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Term
| Intestinal Contractions and Motility |
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Definition
| Two Types: 1) Peristalsis (weak and slow) 2) Segmentation-contraction of circular smooth muscle to mix and move chyme. *Occurs Automatically endogenous Pacemaker activity *Contractions are modified by ANS- ACH from Parasympathetic increases strength and duration; NE and Epi from Sympathetic decreases activity |
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Term
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Definition
| *Absorption of Water, Vitamins and Electrolytes *Storage of waste till time of elimination. NO DIGESTION. *Extends from Ileocoecal valve at end of SI to Anus *No villi *Large population of Microflora |
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Term
| Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption in LI |
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Definition
| *Large Intestine absorbs 90% of water it receives. -Begins with Osmotic Gradient set up by Na+/K+ pumps; water follows by Osmosis. -Water and salt absorption stimulate cy Aldosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| *Defecation Reflex begins with relaxation of Internal Anal Sphincter allows feces to enter anal canal.- Lonitudal rectal muscles contract to increase rectal pressure; Internal and External Sphincters relax. *Exretion is aided by contraction of Abdominal and Pelvic Mucsles which push feces from rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| *Salivary Glands: Parotid, Submandular and Sublingular. Secretes Saliva which contains Amylase to digest Starch. *Liver *Gall Bladder *Pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| *Produces bile for emulsification of lipids. *Detoxification |
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Term
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Definition
| *Largest Internal Organ *Right and Left Lobes *Hepatocytes from Hepatic Plates - Plates separated by sinusoids (dialated capillaries) which are fenestrated and permeable to Protein; contains Phagocytic Kupffer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The Liver receives blood from two sources: Hepatice Portal Vein and Hepatic Artery |
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Term
| Liver-Hepatic Portal Vein |
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Definition
| *carries blood from Digestive Tract *Delivers Nutrietnts absored in SI |
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Term
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Definition
| *Branch from the Aorta *Carries oxygentated blood |
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Term
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Definition
| drains blood from the liver to IVC |
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Term
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Definition
| *Functional Units formed by hepatic plates *Edge of each lobule are branches of Hepatic Portal Vein and Hepatic Artery which open into Sinusoids. *Sinusoids drains blood to the Central Vein *Bile is secreted by Hepatocytes into Bile Canaiculi. Empties into Bile Ducts which flow into Hepatic Ducts that carry Bile away from the liver |
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Term
| Enterocephalic Circulation |
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Definition
| Liver exretes drug metabolites into bile to pass out in feces |
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Term
| Four functions of the liver |
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Definition
| Bile, Detoxification of Blood, REgulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Production of Plasma Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| *Digestion/Emulsification of Lipids *MADE UP OF Bile Pigment (Billirubin) and Bile Salts *Billirubin is from breadown of RBCs. *Bile Salts formed of Bile Acids which are derivatives of Cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| *Liver can remove Hormones, Drugs and other biologically active molecules from blood by Excretion of Bile, Phagocytes by Kupffer Cells, and Chemical Alteration of Molecules. Ex: Ammonia->Urea->Urine |
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Term
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Definition
| *REgulates Glucose by remving it from the blood. Glycogenesis (glucose into glycogen - refrigerator) Lipogenesis (glucose to lipids-freezer) *Glycogenolysis (breakdown of Glycogen (defrost) *Gluconeogenesis (Glucose from non carb molecules-Cori Cycle) *Synthesis of Cholesterol and triglyceride3s *Converts Free Fatty Acids into ketone bodies that can be used for energy during fasting |
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Term
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Definition
| *Albumins and most plasma Globulins (except antiobodies) are produced in liver *Albumins makes 60-70% of total plasma proteins. Contributes most to Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Blood *Globulins transports Cholesterol and Homrone; constitutes many clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores and Concentrates Bile |
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Term
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Definition
| Both Endocrine and Exocrine funtions |
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Term
| Pancreas Endocrine Functions |
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Definition
| Perfomed by Islet of Langerhans: Insulin which causes glucose to enter cells and Glucagon which swtimulates breakdwon of Glycogen into Glucose |
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Term
| Pancreas Exocrine Secretions |
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Definition
| Produces Pancreatic Juice which includes Bicarbonate solution and Digestive enzymes. Passes in Pancreatic Duct to SI. Exocrine secretory units are called Acini |
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Term
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Definition
| *Contains Water, Bicarbonate, and Digestive Enzymes: Amylase (starch) Trypsin (proteins) Lipase (fats) *Brush border enzymes of SI are also required for complete digestion *Most pancreatic enzymes are produced in inactive form Zymogens *Trypsin is activated by Brush Bo9rder Enzyme Enterokinase *Trypsin activates other Zymogens |
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Term
| REgulation of Digestive System |
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Definition
| Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms modify activity of GI Tract |
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Term
| Neural Regulation of Digestive Sys |
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Definition
| Vagus Nerve (Parasympathetic) Increases; involved in regulating and coordinating digestive activity |
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Term
| Endocrine Regulation of Digestive Sys |
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Definition
| By Hormones: *Gastrin (G cells) *Secretin *CCK * GIP |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Gastrin 2) Secretin 3) Cholcystokinin (CCK) 4) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) |
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Term
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Definition
| *G cells *Secreted by Stomach *Stimulates Parietal Cells to produce HCI *Stimulates Chief Cells to produce Pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| *Secreted by SI *Stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in Pancreatic juice |
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Term
| Hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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Definition
| *Stimulates contraction of Gall Bladder *Stimulates secretion of Pancreatic Enzymes *Inhibits gastric motility and secretion |
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Term
| Hormone Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) |
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Definition
| Inhibits Gastric motility and secretion |
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Term
| Regulation of Gastric Function |
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Definition
| *Occurs Automatically *NS and Hormonal Effect modify Automatic Activity *Extrinsic control of Gastric Function divided into three phases: Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal |
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Term
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Definition
| *Control by Brain through Vagus *Stimulated by Sight, Smell and Taste of Food |
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Term
| Cephallic Phase-Vagus Activation |
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Definition
| *Stimulates Chief cells to secrete Pepsinogen *Direcly stimulates G Cells to produce Gastrin *Directly stimulates ECL Cells to secrete Histamine *Indirectly stimulates Parietal Cells to secrete HCI *CONTINUES into 1st thirty minutes of meal |
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Term
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Definition
| *Stimulated by arrival of food *Short polypeptides and Amino Acids stimulates: G Cells to secrete Gastrin; Chief Cells to secrete Pepsinogen; Gastin stimulates ECL cells to secrete Histamine whcih then stimulates Parietal cells to secrete HCI and so on. Positive Feedback Loop |
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Term
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Definition
| *Begins with inhibition of Gastric Activity when Chyme enter SI *Arrival of Chyme in SI is detected by Sensory Neurons of Vagus causing Neural Relex that inhibits gastric motility and secretion *Fat in chyme stimulates SI to secrete **CCK Hormone that inhibits motiltiy and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| *Can be mediated by Enteric NS and Paracrine; and regulated by ANS and Hormones *Gastroileal Relex, Ileogastric Reflex, Intestino-Intestinal Reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to increased motility of ileum and movement of Chyme through ileocecal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases gastric motiltiy in response to increased Gastric Activity |
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Term
| Intestino-Intestinal Reflex |
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Definition
| causes relaxation of rest of intestine when any part is overdistended |
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Term
| Secretion of Pancreatic Juice |
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Definition
| *Secretion of Pancreatic Juice and Bile is stimulated by Hormone Secretin and CCK **Hormone Secretin is secreted in response to Duodenal pH <4.6 - stimulates release of HCO3 by pancreas **CCK is secreted in response to fat content of Chyme in Duodenum. Stimulates contraction of Gall Bladder and inhibits gastric motility and secretion |
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Term
| Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
| *Salviary Amylase begins starch digestion in the mouth *Pancreatic Amylase converts starches to Oligosaccharides which are hydrolyzed by SI Brush Border Enzymes |
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Term
| Digestion and Absorption of Protein |
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Definition
| *Begins in Stomach when Pepsin digests proteins to form Polypeptides *Protein digestion in SI results in Free Amino Acids, Depeptides and Tripepties which are absorbed into blood |
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Term
| Digestion and Absorption of Lipids |
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Definition
| *Occurs in SI *Arrival fo Lipids in Duodenum causes secretion of Bile *Fate is emulsified by Bile Salts *Pancreatic Lipase hydrolyzes Triglycerides to Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides |
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Term
| Digestion of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
| starts in the mouth by action of enzyme Amylase of Saliva and compelted by Pancreatic Amylas in the SI |
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Term
|
Definition
| starts in the stomach by the action of the Hydrocloric Acid and Pepsin secreted by the gastric glands |
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Term
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Definition
| starts in SI by the action of Bile from the liver and Pacreatic Lipase enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion and Actions of Hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inside secretion. Ductless. Secretes into blood stream. Secretes hormones that affect that organ only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside secretion. Has ducts. Secretes to a different organ. Ex: Salivary, sweat and mammary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances secreted by an organ one organ to affect the functions of another organ. Hormones go to Target Cells that contain Receptor Proteins for them. Affects the Metabolism of Target Organ. |
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Term
| Endocrine Glands-Neurohormones |
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Definition
| Secreted into blood by specialized neurons. Hypothalamus |
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Term
| **Chemical Classifications of Hormones |
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Definition
| Amine. Polypeptides/Proteins. Glycoprtoeins. Steroids. All part of Endocrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones derived from Tyrosine or Tryptophan. Includes NE, Epi, Thyroxin and Melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones are chains of Amino Acids. Inculde ADH, GH, OXYTOCIN, GLUCAGON, ACTH AND PTH |
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Term
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Definition
| Polypeptide (protein) attached to carbohydrate groups. Includes LH, FSH, TSH |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids derived from cholesterol. Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone and cortisol |
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Term
| Hormone Actions and Interactions |
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Definition
| Neural and Endocrine Regulation |
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Term
| Neural and Endocrine Regulation |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus is link between the two. Nervous uses NT chemicals to communicate. Endocrine uses Hormone chemicals to communicate. Must have specific Receptor Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Synergenic Effect. Permissive Effect. Antagonistic Effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two hormones working together to produce stronger effect--Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| When one Hormone enhances responsiveness of a target organ to 2nd hormone. Estrogen and Progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Action of one Hormone inhibits effect of another. Estrogent inhibits the action of prolactin during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypophysis0beneath Hypothalamus at base of forebrain. Master Gland. Controls other glands under the control of Hypothalamus. Controls amount of hormones in blood. Divided into Anterior and Posterior lobes |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland-Anterior lobe |
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Definition
| Gland or tissue portion. Adenohypophysis-produces (secretes) its own hormones under control of Hypothalamus. Hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting factors. Feedback from levels fo hormones in blood. Six Trophic Hormones that control growth: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL. |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland)-Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Definition
| Promotes growth. Protein synthesis. Movment of Amino Acids into cells. |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland)-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates thyroid to secrete T4 and T3 |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland) Adenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to secrete Cortisol and Aldosterone |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| Females: stimulates growth of Ovarian Follicles. Males: Stimulates sperm production |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland) Lutenizing Hormone (LH) |
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Definition
| Females: Ovulation. Males: Testosterone. FSH and LH are called Gonadatropins |
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Term
| Anterior Lobe (Pituitary Gland) Prolactin (PRL) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates milk production by mammary glands |
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Term
| Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary |
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Definition
| Negative Feedback-High levels in Hormones in blood decreases secretion of the realeasing hormones from the Hypothalamus |
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Term
| Higher Brain Function and Anterior Pituitary Secretion |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus receives input from Higher Brain Centers that can Affect Anterior Pituitary Secretion. Ex: Pychological Stress affects menstral cycle and adrenal hormones |
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Term
| Posterior Gland (extension portion of Pituitary Gland) |
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Definition
| Neurohypophysis (extension). Stores and releases hormones made IN Hypothalamus. Stores and releases two hormones produced in Hypothalamus: ADH and Oxytocin |
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Term
| ADH/Vasopressin-Antodiuretic Hormone (Posterior Pituitary) |
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Definition
| Promotes H2O conservation by kidneys. Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water. Increased osmotic pressure increases ADH. ADH control only in Distal Convoluted and Collecting Ducts |
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Term
| Oxytocin (Posterior Pituitary) |
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Definition
| Stimulates contractons of Uterus during childbirth (Parturition) Increases flow of milk. |
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Term
| Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary |
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Definition
| Stores ADH and Oxytocin till Hypothalamus control releases |
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Term
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Definition
| Top of kidneys. Consists of Outer Cortex and Inner Medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by ACTH and secretes 1) Glucocorticoids (cortisol) which inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates bluconeogenesis 2) Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+. Too much will increase BP, heart rate, etc and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormonal effect of Epi is 10 times longer than NE. Innervated by Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers. Activated by Fight or Flight |
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Term
| Diseases of Adrenal Glands |
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Definition
| Cushings Syndrome and Addison's Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive secretion of Corticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of secretion of Corticoids (Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids) |
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Term
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Definition
| EVERY cell responds to Thyroid Gland. Regulates Metabolism (BMR) Secretes: Thyroxine (T3), Tetraiodothyronine (T4) which regulates cell metabolism and Calitonin which regulates Blood Calcium. Secretion if controlled by TSH of Anterior Pituitary Gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of iodine; T4 and T3 cannot be produced and levels become low. Low T4 and T3 don't provide Negative feedback and TSH levels go up. TSH is a trophic Hormone which then stimulates growth of Thyroid gland causing Goiter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate T3 and T3 levels. Myxedema-low BMR. Cretinism-during fetal development; causes severe growth and mental retardation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graves disease: Autoimmune disease where antibodies act like TSH and stimulate Thyroid Galnd to grow and secrete excessive amounts of Thyroid Hormone. Characterized by: Exopthalos, Goiter, Weight Loss, Heat intolerance, irritability and high BMR |
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Term
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Definition
| Four glands embedded in thyroid gland. Secretes PTH-Parathyroid Hormone which regulates blood calcium levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing blood calcium elvels by acting on Bones (1st!), Kidneys by increasing Ca2+ reabsorption and Intestine by increasing Ca2+ absorption. Release stimulated by decreased blood calcium. |
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Term
| Disorders of Parathyroid Gland |
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Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased blood calcium. Loss of bone density. Kidney stones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased blood calcium. Muscle spasms and twitches (Tetany) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixed Gland. Exocrine: secretes the Pancreatic Juice (Digestive Enzymes and Bicarbonate). Endocrine: Islets of Langershan which secretes Alpha and Beta cells which secrete hormones. |
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Term
| Islets of Langershan (Pancreas) |
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Definition
| Scattered clusters of Endocrine cells in Pancreas. Contains Alpha and Beta cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes Glucagon in response to Low Blood Sugar. Stimulates Glycogenolysis and Lipolysis. Increases Blood Sugar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes Insulin in response to High Blood Sugar. Promotes entry of glucose into cells. Stimulates conversiton of glucose into blycogen and fat. Decreases Blood Sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| does not secrete enough or any insulin. Juvenile Diabetes. Children and young adults. 10% of cases. Requires insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body cells are resistant to insulin. Adults and older peopel. 90% of cases. The problem is body cells are unable to take glucose from blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of Glycogen from Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaking down of Glycogen to release Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of Glucose from Noncarbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of Lipids into Fatty Acids and Glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of Lipids for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Timing Center. Body Clock. Secretes Melatonin. Secreted by night; inhibited by light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces T cells of immune system. Hormones that stimulate the function of the T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testes: Testosterone. Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone. Placenta: Estrogen, Progesterone and HCG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical Substances. Produced and act within same tissues of an organ. All Autocrine control gene expression in target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced in one tissue to act on a different tissue in the same organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical Messengers. Produced in almost every organ. Mae up of Fatty Acids. Promotes inflammatory process of immune system. Role in ovulation. Inhibits gastric secretion. |
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