FUNCTIONS

1) gas exchange

2) gas conditioning

3) sound production

4) olfaction

5) defense

PRIMARY PROCESSES (p 748)(?)

1) Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into         and out of the lungs (breathing).

2) External respiration is the exchange of O2 (loading)       and CO2 (unloading) between blood and alveoli (air       sacs).

3) Transport of respiratory gases between lungs and         tissues.

4) Internal respiration is gas exchange between blood       and tissue cells.

1) large surface area

2) thin

3) moist

4) patent (open)

5) protected

6) ventilation

7) gas delivery system

Respiratory epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (w/ goblet cells)

UPPER

1) paranasal sinuses

2) nasal cartilages

3) nasal cavity

4) pharynx

LOWER

1) larynx

2) trachea

3) bronchi

4) bronchioles

5) lungs

external = exchanging gases at lung surface

internal = oxygen to blood cells

When air is forced through the rima glottidis, the vocal folds begin to vibrate, producing sound. (754)

The outer lung surfaces and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura. 

-visceral pleura: outer surface of each lung; tightly covered

-parietal pleura: lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, & superior of the diaphragm.

pleural cavity- space between serous membrane layers

The thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the blood. 

1) surfactant

2) squamous epithelial cells (Type I)

3) common basement membrane

4) capillary endothelium

external intercostals = elevate ribs for inhalation

internal intercostals = forced exhalation

1) ingestion

2) propulsion

3) digestion

4) secretion

5) absorbtion

6) elimination

1) most of liver

2) gallbladder

3) billary apparatus

4) pancreas

1) teeth

2) tongue

3) salivary glands

4) liver

5) gallbladder

6) pancreas

1) mouth/lips--- ingestion

2) tongue--- mastification

3) cheeks--- lubrication

4) palate--- bolus formation

5) tonsils--- digestion (carbs)

6) uvula--- deglutition

7) teeth/gingiva

8) salivary glands

1) submandibular (60-70%)- inferior to body of                                                       mandible

                                          - serous

2) parotid (25-30%)- anterior & slightly inferior to the                                    ear

                               - serous & mucus

3) sublingual (3-5%)- inferior to tongue & internal to                                      oral cavity mucosa

                               - serous & mucus

1) moistens & cleanses oral cavity

2) moistens food

3) lubricates food/forms bolus

4) speech

5) starch digestion (amylase) 

6) initiates taste

7) neutralizes acids

8) kills bacteria (bactericide)

1) incisors 

2) canines (cuspids)

3) premolars (bicuspids)

4) molars

lumen (inside)

1) mucosa

2) submucosa

3)muscularis

4) serosa

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

1) cardia

2) fundus 

3) body

4) pylorus

1) longitudinal (outer)

2) circular (middle)

3) oblique (inner)

1) parietal cell- secretes hydrochloric acid & intrinsic

                      factor

2) chief cell- secretes pepsinogen

3) enteroendocrine cell- secretes gastrin

1) duodenum (1 ft)

2) jejunum (8 ft)

3) ileum (11 ft)

1) elongation

2) peristalsis & reversed peristalsis

3) segmentation

4) circular folds = "speed bumps"

5) hormones that slow process (secretin)

6) increase surface area (villi & microvilli) 

1) reabsorbs water

2) forms (compact) feces

3) absorbtion of vitamins

1) ascending

2) transverse

3) descending

4) sigmoid

attaches distal end of small intestine to proximal region of colon

FUNCTION

allow food to pass through to colon & prevent food from flowing back into the small intestine 

Simple columnar

(stratified squamous in anal canal)

-There are so man goblet cells because they produce mucus needed to lubricate the colon & help form pellets

It exhibits both endocrine & exocrine functions

endocrine- pancreatic islets (hormones, insulin, into

                 bloodstream) 

exocrine- pancreatic acini (scretion of digestive enzymes

               & bicarbonate into the duodenum)

•bile- breaks down fats 

• reticuloendothelial cells- filter out & destroy foreign

                                      particles and dead cells

                                      (phagocyte)

• hepatocytes- absorb nutrients from sinusoids,

                      produce bile, stores excess nutrients

                      and vitamins, & synthesize blood

                      plasma proteins

• mass movements- 

• epiploic appendages-

1) input & output = reflexes

2) vegetative functions =automatic activity to promote

                                   survival; breathing, eating

3) cognitive functions = thinking, reasoning, problem

                                  solving

4) higher functions = emotions, love, empathy

-sleeping

-eating

-breathing

-circulation

-movement 

-sexual activity

- emotions

-love

-empathy

-creativity

-dreams

-spirituality

1) unipolar- sensory neurons (afferent)

2) bipolar- olfactory epithelium; retina

3) multipolar- motor neurons (most common)

• astrocyte- forms blood-brain barrier, gives metabolic aid to neurons,

                     provides structural support, forms scar tissue

• ependymal cells- lines brain ventricles & spinal cord, helps                                                    form/monitor CSF 

• microglia- phagocytic cells of CNS

• oligodendrocyte- forms myelin sheath in CNS, provides structural

                                 support

• satellite cells- separates ganglion cell bodies from interstitial fluid,

                            helps regulate nutrient exchange w/ environment

• neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)- forms myelin sheath on PNS

                                                                axons, aids in nerve

                                                                regeneration 

fatty coating around axons ; formed by glial cells

1) protection

2) insulation

3) increase impulse speed

Depends on 3 factors 

1) degree of damage

2) presence of nerve growth factors (NGF) secreted by

    neurolemmocytes

3) distance of dmaged axon from efferent axon

-PNS

1) cerebrum 

2) diencephalon

3) midbrain

4) pons

5) medulla oblonga

6) 

1) Dura Mater ("Tough Mother")- dense irregular CT, forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones

2) Arachnoid ("Spider Mother")- collagenous fibers

3) Pia Mater- innermost layer

1) lateral ventricles

2) third vntricles

3) cerebral aqueduct 

4) fourth ventricle

Lined by ependymal cells

Regulates what enters the interstitial fluid of the brain

- prevents exposure to drugs & waste products

- prevents exposure to certain normal blood substances

  (hormones & ions)

- provides O2, nutrients

*Astrocyte = gatekeeper 

clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles & subarachnoid space

Formed by: ependymal cells of the choroid plexus in ventricles & spinal cord

1) protection (cushion against sudden movement)

2) supplies O2 & nutrients to neurons

3) removes CO2 & other wastes

4) buoyancy (weight reduction from 1400 g to 50 g)

gyri- outer surface of adult brain

sulci- shallow depressions 

1) frontal- voluntary muscle control, coordination of learned motor activities, motor speech area

2) parietal- sensation, perception of shapes & sizes, understanding speech, conscious perception 

3) occipital- visual recognition of objects, conscious perception of visual stimuli

4) temporal- perception of visual stimuli, auditory & olfactory; center of emotions

5) insula- taste & memory

1) motor- controls voluntary motor functions

2) sensory- conscious awareness of sensation

3) association

4) higher order processing

1) epithalamus- sleep patterns, photosensor, sexual maturation

2) thalamus- major relay center, information filter, sensory input, memory processing, awareness of emotional states

3) hypothalamus- temp. regulation, control of endocrine system, control of emotional behavior, control of water intake, regulates circadian rhythms

1) midbrain- 

2) pons

3) medulla

- coordination of body & eye movements

- helps to maintain balance, posture, & equilibrium 

1) establish emotions & behvior 

2) links conscious & subconscious

3) aids in memory storage & retrieval (hippocampus & amygdala) 

4) memory consolidation (from short-term to long-term)

5) center of sleep & arousal from sleep 

6) helps control eating reflexes (chewing, licking)

7) amygdala involved with fear & memory of fear

"center of consciousness" 

- complex interactions between brainstem & cortex

- center for alertness, awareness, & attentiveness

• I- olfactory 

• II- optic

• III- oculomotor 

• V- trigeminal

• VII- facial

• VIII- vestibulocochlear

• X- vagus

• XII- hypoglossal

Sympathetic 

-flight or fight- increase alertness

Parasympathetic

-rest & response- conserves energy

Short-term 

Long-term