Term
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Definition
| energy not doing work, such as energy stored in chemical bonds |
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Definition
| energy associated with movement |
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| (G) energy that is available for doing useful work after there has been allowance for the increase or decrease of disorder |
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| (S) a measure of the degree of disorder in any system |
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Term
| spontaneous reactions in a closed system are always accompanied by an increase in ______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| (H) the total energy of a system |
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| a chemical reaction in which the products have higher free energy than the reactants, thereby requiring free energy input to occur. |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction in which the products of the reaction have lower free energy than the reactants, resulting in a release of free energy |
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Definition
| the energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a chemical reaction to occur, this is the amount of energy needed for the reaction to begin |
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Definition
| a substance that accelerates a reaction without being consumed in the overall course |
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| What is used to lower activation energy? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a catalyst, protein, speeds up reaction |
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| What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy? |
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Definition
| Enzymes lower the activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-protein organic molecule that plays a role in catalysis by an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| any non-protein part of an enzyme |
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Term
| Kinetic energy vs. Potential Energy |
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Definition
| Kinetic energy is in movement and potential energy is stored energy. The two types of energy can be converted back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
| an inorganic ion that is weakly bound to an enzyme and required for its activity |
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Definition
| the molecule on which an enzyme exerts catalytic action |
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Definition
| the ability to do work, the capacity for change, usually related to the changes in the chemical composition and propertied of molecules |
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| Different forms of energy |
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Definition
| chemical, electrical, heat, light, and mechanical |
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Term
| Two basic types of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the laws of thermodynamics help us do? |
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Definition
| understand how organisms and cells harvest and transform energy to sustain life |
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Term
| What are the laws of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
1. energy is neither created nor destroyed
2. Disorder tends to increase |
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Term
| Explain the first law of thermodynamics. |
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Definition
| Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be converted between different types of energy |
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Term
| Explain the second law of thermodynamics. |
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Definition
| Although the first law is true some of the energy becomes unavailable, no physical process or reaction is perfect, unusable energy increases in every reaction |
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Term
| What is the function of active site? |
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Definition
| the place where the substrate connects to the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| a sac within a chloraplast that contains all the chlorophyll as well as the electron carriers of photophosphorylation. |
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Definition
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Definition
| small opening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange, bounded by cells that control the opening size |
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Definition
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| What type of pigment is associated with chloroplasts? |
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Definition
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| What is the job of chlorophyll? |
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Definition
| traps light energy for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a light-harvesting complex in the chloroplasts thylakoid composed of pigaments and proteins |
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Term
| Antenna complex also known as the light harvesting complex |
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Definition
| a group of molecules that absorb light energy and transfer it to a reaction center |
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Definition
| a group of electron transfer proteins that receive energy from light absorbing pigments and convert them to chemical energy by redox reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial phase of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic break down and anabolic build up |
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Term
| What is the difference between an enzyme and most other catalysts |
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Definition
| it is specific, it usually recognizes and binds to only one or a few closely related reactants and catalyizes only a single chemical reaction |
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Term
| The reactants of an enzyme are called____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the specificity of an enzyme come from? |
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Definition
| the exact shape and chemical properties of its active site |
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Term
| What are the nonprotein partners for an enzyme? |
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Definition
cofactor- inorganic ions that bind to certain enzymes
coenzyme- carbon containing molecule that that adds or removes chemical groups from the substrate
prosthetic groups- permanently bound to enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| product of one reaction is the substrate for the next |
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Term
| How are metabolic pathways regulated? |
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Definition
1. control the amount of an enzyme
2. regulate enzyme activity
3. feedback inhibition |
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Term
| How are enzymes regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covalently bonds to an amino acid chain at the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme is permanetly inactive |
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Term
| What is a reversible inhibitors and what are the two types? |
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Definition
| can be undone, competitive and non competitive |
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Term
| Competitive inhibitor vs noncompetitive inhibitior |
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Definition
competitive- a substrate that fits into the active site but does not activate it, like a key that fits into the lock but does not unlock it, these can be pulled out of the enzyme when there is low concentrations of the substrate
noncompetitive- binds to an enzyme that causes a change in the active site so it may no longer bind, they can also become unbound |
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Term
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Definition
| the final product inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the commitment step, high concentrations of the end product shuts off the enzyme. The cookie example in class. |
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Term
| In what two ways are enzymes affected by the environment? |
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Definition
pH- Can change the shape of proteins, enzymes, H+ concentration, different enzymes work better at different pH levels
Temperature- enzymes generally increase reaction speed as the temperature increases, but if the temperature is too high enzymes can become inactive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base adenine bonded to ribose which is attached to a sequence of three phosphate groups |
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Term
| The hydrolysis of one ATP molecule results in___. |
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Definition
| free energy, ADP and inorganic phosphate ion |
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Term
| Where does the light reaction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the dark reaction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the inputs and outputs for the light reactions? |
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Definition
input: light, water, NADP+, ADP, Pi
output: O2, NADPH, ATP |
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Term
| What is photosystem II job? |
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Definition
| absorbs light energy and oxidizes water |
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Term
| What is the purpose of photosystem I? |
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Definition
| absorb light energy and energize electrons, reduces NADP+ |
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Term
| What are the three phases of the dark reactions? |
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Definition
| Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
Leo says Ger
Loss of electrons oxidized
Gain of electrons reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| collects energy and stores it in an electron |
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