What is science?

A. A body of knowledge about the natural world.

B. A process used to understand the natural world.

C. Collection of techniques, methods or processes used to answer questions about the natural world.

D. A collection of facts.

E. All of the above.

E. All of the above. 

Science is a body of knowledge. 

Which of the following questions is legitimate for science to answer?

a. Is there a God?

b. Does the alignment of the planets affect our lives?

c. Do vaccines cause autism?

d. Are orchids beautiful?

e. None are ligitmate scientific questions.

1. Definable

2. Measurable

3. Controllable 

1. Based on empirical observations and evidence (data)

2. Made public.

3. Tentative (science is self-correcting, so it is true as far as we know).

4. Historical.

Something that claims to be sceintific but doesn't use empirical evidence and experimentation to answer questions.

An objective or verifiable observation (It happens repeatedly).

ex. The Earth completes one revolution around the sun in  365 days.

-Suggested and or purposed answer to a question. An educated guess.

-It can be proven false, but not proven true (can only support it with evidence from your investigaion).

-If, then statment. (Should be testable)

A gneral explanation for some aspect of nature that is supported by multiple lines of evidence, has withstood the test of time, and that is gnerally accepted by the scientific community. 

ex. Evolution

-Dependent variable

-Independent variable

-Controlled variables

-Control group(postive control & negative result)

-Replication

-Reproducibility 

What are the basic macromolecules of life?

a. Proteins, DNA, and RNA

b.Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, and Nucleic Acids

c. Carbohydrates, Fats, DNA & RNA

d. Fats, Proteins, Carbohydrates

What is a simple carbohydrate?

Give 2 examples.

Sugars.

a. Monosaccharides; one sugar molecule

b. Disaccharides; two ring sturcutre.

-Source of energy for the organisms.

-Storage of energy (ex. startch=plants, Glycogen= animals)

-Parts of the basic subunit forming nucleic acids

-Provide structural material for cells 

-Involved in cell to cell recognition

-Polysaccharide (sugar monomers).

-Carbohydrate

-It is how plants store carbs (ex. potato).

-It is made up of a long string of glucose monomers.

-The string coils like a spiral stair case.

-Polysaccharide

-Carbohydrate

-Primary way animals store carbs.

-Stored mainly in muscle & liver

-Made up of long strings of glucose.

-Polysaaccaride 

-Carbohydrate

-Found in exoskeletons (bugs) and cell walls of fungi

-Long strings of glucose with nitrogen containing groups attached to each glucose monomer

-Gives shape & strength

Describe Cellulose.

-Polysaccaride

-Carbohydarte

-Found in plant cell walls (ex. Lettuce)

-Consists of long strings of glucose that form bundles.

-Few organisms have the enzymes necessary to

breakdown this molecule (ex. Cows).

-Herbivores rely on bacteria to breakdown cellulose.

-Lipid 

-All C-C bonds in fatty acid side chain are single bonds

-Tends to be solid at room temp.

-Harder to metabolize

-Lipid

-One or more double bonds (C=C) occur in fatty acid side chain

-Tends to be liquid at room temp (ex. coconut oil)

-Easier to metabolize

-Store energy

-Provides energy when broken down

-In some animals (ex. sea lions) it serves as insulation(flubber)

-Lipid

Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

-Main componet of cell membrane

-Hydrophilic (water loving) head

-Hydrophobic (water hating) tail

-Lipid

-Lipids without fatty acid chains

-All have same rigid backbone of 4 fused carbon rings

-Functional group dertmines type of steroid

-Different types (cholesterol, sex hormones, and growth hormones).

-Long strings of amino acids.

-The structure of a protein determines its function.

-Sequence of amino acids determines function

-There are 20 different amino acids to choose from.

Alpha helix (the string coils (3D))

-Beta pleated sheets

-Proteins are also called this.

-The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

It loses its 3-D strucutre & because shape determines function.

-Heat denatures proteins, PH can change shape.

-Provide structure to the cell

-Act as enzymes (quicken chem. reactions)

-Defense against pathogens (antibodies)

-Self recognition

-Transport

-Hormones

-Storage of nutrients

-Blood clotting

Consists of three parts:

-sugar

-phosphate

-nitrogen containing base

What is the structure of DNA?

-Long strings of nucleic acids

-Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base.

-Double helix (connect at base)

(A=T, C=G)

-Long strings of nucleotides

-Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base.

-A=U, C=G

-To provide info for the structure of proteins (order of amino acids)

-Organize into funtional units called genes(long sequences to make products)

-Invoved in teh process of converting info stored in DNA to a protein.

Three types:

a. Messenger RNA

b. Ribosomal RNA

c. Transfer RNA

1. DNA is transcribed into mRNA

2. mRNA goes to ribosome

3. Ribosome uses info in mRNA to string amino acids together to form a protein.

Where are the master instructions for protein synthesis located in a cell?

a. cytoplasm

b. nucleus

c. mitochondria

SCIENTIFIC THEORY= BASED ON DATA FROM EXPERIMENTS, ACCEPTED BY MOST SCIENTISTS, SUPPORTED BY MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE, WITHSTANDS TEST OF TIME.

SCIENTIFIC FACT= A REPEATEDLY CONFIRMED OBSERVATION.