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| size of known world has expanded. |
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| studies of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups. |
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| fossil remains of previous species. |
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| small scale changes in the gene frequency (alleles) in the gene pool. |
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| evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups. |
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first to come up with "survival of the fittest."
-argued that as population size increases resources dwindle, struggle ensues. |
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'naturalist' on ship Beagle.
-"stole" theory of evolution from Alfred Wallace after Wallace sent him his manuscript. |
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'naturalist' who discovered the same things as Darwin did.
-Darwin stole from. |
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| A shift in the range of values for a given trait in some direction (pesticide and antibiotic resistance). |
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| Stabilization of an existing range of values (human birth weight). |
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| Disruption of an existing range of values (beak sizes in finches). |
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| small number of individuals start a new population. |
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| A severe reduction in population size causes pronounced drift in genes/traits (increase in numbers of specific traits). |
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| Estimates fossil age by comparing fossil with ages of similar fossils found in similar areas and locations. |
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| uses RADIOMETRIC DATING by looking a radioactive isotopes in organism to determine absolute ages for fossils. |
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| differences in final appearance due to different growth rates of structures during development. |
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| two organisms won't breed because they live in different habitats. |
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| two organisms that breed during different times of day won't breed. |
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| many species use elaborate behaviors unique to a species to attract mates. |
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| closely related species may try to mate but are anatomically incompatible. |
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reproductive parts don't fit together.
-egg and sperm cannot fuse. |
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| Genetic incompatibility between the two species may abort/stop the development of the hybrid at some embryonic stage or produce frail offspring. |
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| Even if the hybrid offspring survive and are “healthy”, the hybrids may be infertile and the hybrid cannot backbreed with either parental species. |
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| At first, the hybrid species is viable and fertile. But offspring won't be able to reproduce and may be fertile. |
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| geographic separation of populations restricts gene flow. (AWAY from each other) |
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speciation occurs in geographically overlapping populations when biological factors, such as chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating, reduce gene flow
(Same area)
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the accumulation of changes associated with the transformation of one species into another.
-No Branching
-Changes occur within single lineage. |
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branching evolution, is the budding of one or more new species from a parent species.
-Branching
–Lineage splits, isolated populations diverge
–Increase in species number
-promotes Biological Diversity
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| An aspect of form, function, or behavior that improves the odds for surviving and reproducing. |
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| food and water transport pipelines. |
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in the tips of shoots & roots.
-Lengthen stems and roots
-Responsible for primary growth – where young plant parts start to lengthen. |
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older stems become thicker.
-Increase width & girth of stems.
-Responsible for secondary growth. |
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| Where plant tissues growth originates. |
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| the soft, moist primary growth of roots, stems, leaves and flowers – also function in storage, secretion etc. |
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| patches or rings of flexible long cells in lengthening stems and leaf stalk ribs – pectin gives flexibility – holds cellulose strands together in uneven cell walls – the “strings” in celery stalks. |
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| strength to resist compression from lignin, prevents fungus attacks, waterproofs, main component in wood (hair on peach pit). |
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| control opening and closing on either side of the stoma. |
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band of waxy deposits - waterproofing.
Prevents water and solutes from passing between cells into vascular cylinder. |
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| Help plants absorb water and minerals – increase surface area . |
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-Contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-Bacteria converts nitrogen gas to forms that plants can use.
-Symbiotic relationship - mutualistic |
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| Fungus roots that form symbiotic/mutualistic relationship between young plant root and fungus. |
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| Nonfertile parts of plants |
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-Male stamen
-Female carpels (ovary) |
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| two sperm (pollen grains) fertilize ovule – one the egg – the other the 2 cell nuclei to make endosperm. |
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| the nutritive tissue of the seed (equivalent to the human placenta). |
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Helps seeds and buds break dormancy.
•Applied by growers to enhance stem length, control ripening.
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promote stem lengthening
-response to gravity and light. |
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promote cell division
-used to artificially extend shelf life of cut flowers.
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| used to induce dormancy in plants to be shipped. |
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| Vascular Tissues, Dermal Tissues |
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| Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
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| transport water, usually hollow. |
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| transport food, sugars, have companion cells to help move sugars (sieve tubes) |
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