Term
| Both RNA and DNA are types of molecules called _____ acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein synthesis (translation) occurs at which of the following locations within eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the sequential order of enzyme function during DNA replication? |
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Definition
| 1. Helicase unwinds DNA. 2. DNA polymerase pairs one base with open base on the parent strand. 3. DNA ligase seals nicks in the lagging strand. |
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Term
| What nucleic acid is the physical carrier of individual amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Watson and Crick discover? |
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Definition
| 1. Sugars and phosphates form backbones of DNA 2. Double helix of DNA. 3. Nucleotides were paired in double helixes |
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Term
| For the most part, every living organism on earth has the same genetic code. This means that genetic code is considered _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best explanation as to why the number of G in an organism is equal to C? |
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Definition
| Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA |
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Term
| What are the sequential steps of translation? |
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Definition
| 1. Initiation 2. elongation 3. termination |
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Term
| _____ is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo mutations in order to provide genetic ____ to occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the sequence of DNA replication in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| 1. double helixes are separated and unwound. 2. DNA polymerase binds at the origin of the replication site. 3. Replication is completed at the termination region of DNA. |
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Term
| Ribosomes participating in production of proteins for secretion from the cell are located |
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Definition
| on the endoplasmic recticulum. |
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Term
| Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid abbreviated as |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sequential steps of DNA replication? |
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Definition
| 1. Unwinding DNA double helix 2. Complementary base pairing 3. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand |
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Term
| Initiation is the stage of _____ that occurs prior to elongation. |
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Definition
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Term
| rRNA are transcribed from templates of DNA found in the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of translation? |
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Definition
| results in a protein product; involves tRNA molecules |
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Term
| What are the steps of termination in sequential order? |
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Definition
| 1. Release factor binds to stop codon. 2. Protein product is released. 3. Ribosomal subunits dissociate. |
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Term
| During the termination stage, a completed ____ is released |
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Definition
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Term
| What two enzymes play a role in DNA replicaiton? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polypeptides are created during what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the ______ phase of translation, the polypeptide increases in size one amino acid at a time |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| RNA contains uracil. RNA is only one strand. RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose |
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Term
| If DNA is sequenced TATGCCCG, what would be the mRNA transcript be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of transcription, but not translation? |
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Definition
| involvment of RNA polymerase, and the occurance in eukaryotic nuclei |
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Term
| What would contain the fewest base pairs if starting from a eukaryotic gene? |
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Definition
| A post-modification of mRNA transcript |
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Term
| What are the types of RNA? |
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Definition
| messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
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Term
| An organism that has genetic material from a different organism is what kind of organism? |
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Definition
| A genetically modified organism |
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Term
| During the process of translation, a codon binds with a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does translation take place in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| ribosomes, rough ER, and cytoplasm. |
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Term
| The type of nucleic acid bearing codones for the amino acid sequence is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called |
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Definition
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Term
| The two purines bases in DNA are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Because it needs to be replicated over and over again |
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Term
| Genetic material must have characteristics of genetic information that store coding for ____ ____ and ____ |
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Definition
| development, cell structure and metabolism |
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Term
| What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? |
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Definition
| Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction, both involve DNA polymerase, Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule, Both are semiconservative |
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Term
| Adenine and guanine are nitrogen containing bases called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the composition of a eukaryotic chromosome? |
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Definition
| histones, nucleusomes, DNA, and proteins |
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Term
| Where are anticodons found |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of _____ occurs on ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic recticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| both are types of proteins; both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand |
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Term
| The enzyme that assists with complementary base pairing and adding new nucleotides to the growing strand during DNA replication is |
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Definition
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Term
| The parental strand of DNA serving as a guide for a complementary DNA daughter strand is the ____ strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the possible functions of Introns? |
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Definition
| could encourage corssing over; could give rise to microRNAs, could be exons in other molecules; could regulate mRNA translation |
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Term
| What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic genome is replaced much faster; prokaryotes have only one origin of replication |
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Term
| What is the source for particular sequences of t,m, and r RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of _____ uses mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes ot synthesize proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme “proofreads” the replication of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the implications of the universality of the genetic code? |
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Definition
| gives us insight into evolutionary relationships; allows for genetic engineering |
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Term
| DNA replication can be described as ______ because the resulting daughter DNA consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand |
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Definition
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Term
| New nucleotides are added to the ___ end of the single strand of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of eukaryotic mRNA transcript modifications? |
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Definition
| occurs within the ribozyme; occurs within spliceosomes; may occur through self-splicing |
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Term
| The specific type of nucleic acid bearing anticodons for the amino acid sequence is abbreviated |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes |
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Definition
| amino acids; exits; polypeptides |
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Term
| _____ refers to bacteria taking up extraneous genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ codon binds to a release factor to end translation |
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Definition
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Term
| The codon near the small riosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the ____ codon. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many binding sites for tRNA are found on a ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each mRNA codon has only one meaning (codes for one amino acid or start/stop) therefore the genetic code is considered |
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Definition
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Term
| A newly formed messenger RNA molecule is called an mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| If each codon were composed of only one nucleotide, for how many amino acids (out of the 20) would there not be code? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage of RNA polymerases transcribing a gene simultaneously? |
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Definition
| To produce more transcripts to the needed gene in a shorter time |
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Term
| Directly after eukaryotic transciption _____ molecules are processed |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a point on a replicating prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA strand at which separation occurs to allow for enzyme activity. What is it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would promote the process of eukarotic cellular division? |
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Definition
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Term
|
DNA is composed of a double strand of nucleotides. Because the sugar-phosphate backbone of one strand is upside down relative to the backbone of the other strand, these strands are referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleic acids contain ____ types of nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleic acids can be distinguished from proteins by |
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Definition
| The presence of phosphorous in nucleic acids |
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Term
| Okazaki fragments are joined together to make up the ___ strand of newly synthesized DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3' end of Okazaki fragment is joined to the 5' end of the next fragment by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where parent strands are being unwound and a new DNA strands are growing is referred to as a |
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Definition
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Term
| New complementary nucleotides are positioned and joined by ____ during replication |
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Definition
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Term
| At what site is mRNA translated to make protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____, replication can occur in two directions at once because DNA is circular |
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Definition
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Term
| The rungs of the DNA ladder are the |
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Definition
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Term
| If a segment of DNA contains 430 nucleotides and 120 of the nucleotides are guanine, there will be ____ cytosine nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
| A promotor is defined as_____ |
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Definition
| the site where RNA polymerase will bind to DNA |
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