Term
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Definition
help break up food
adults have 32 covered in enamel |
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Definition
muscle with receptors that force food in pharynx
secretes lingual lipase - enzyme to start chemical digestion of lipids |
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Definition
secreted from salivary glands under tongue and near ears
starts with the digestive process |
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Definition
throat - where food goes when swallowed
5 inches long and leads to larynx |
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Definition
lined with smooth muscle
rhythmically contracts in wavelike movements to push food down to stomach |
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Definition
| J shaped muscular sac with folds that expand to hold 2 liters of food |
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Definition
under stomach - accessory gland
has both endocrine and exocrine secretions |
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Definition
| insulin/glucagon into blood to regulate glucose levels |
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Definition
| many enzymes to break down chyme |
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Definition
| breaking down the macromolecules into smaller building blocks and then absorbing the nutrients into the blood |
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Definition
| increase surface area of absorption |
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Definition
approximately 5 ft long
reabsorption of water, minerals and vitamins
send the undigested material, excess water and fats out the anus
bacteria help break down indigestive material |
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Definition
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| major digestive enzymes in saliva |
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Definition
| salivary amylase, lysozomes |
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| enzyme in small intestine |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
used to break large fat globules into smaller ones that can be broken down by pancreatic lipase
helps rid the liver of excess cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
formed from excess cholesterol that is secreted with the bile and can form into hard balls
form from too much bilibrubin in the bile (pigment stones) |
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Term
| surgically removed gallbladder |
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Definition
liver still produces bile and secretes it
bile duct enlarges and becomes storage area |
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Term
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Definition
produce and secrete bile to emulsify fat
controls amino acid and ammonia levels in blood
controls glucose levels and convers glycogen to glucose
removes hormones that are not needed
breaks down worn out or dead red blood cells
stores vitamin A, D, E and iron
stores fat or ships it to adipose cells
fat storing cells in the liver secrete leptin to suppress apetite
cholesterol, plasma proteins and blood lipids are manufactured in nepeatoryotes in liver
lactic acid made by muscles and converted to glucose
detoxifies blood by converting toxins |
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Term
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Definition
eschophegeal sphincter doesn't close properly and acidic chyme and HCL go from stomach to esphagus
prevention: eat less acidic foods |
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Term
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Definition
circulating blood and nutrients to tissues of the body
clearing metabolic wastes
4 chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| travel away from the heart and have oxygenated blood |
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Definition
| bring deoxygenated blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
only one cell layer with many pores that have blood in the first portion of the capillary bed
where diffusion of nutrients, gasses and wastes occurs from blood to cells all over the body |
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Term
| regulation of blood pressure |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
speed of beats per minute
average 60-80 BPM |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped per beat |
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Definition
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Definition
under 120/80 and above 100/60
determined by diet, stress exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of brain function from a lack of blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| plaque/clot in coronary artery stop blood flow to heart muscles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| right atrium->right ventricle->lungs |
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Definition
| left atrium->left ventricle->body tissue |
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Definition
| gasses, nutrients, wastes exchanged after arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
left atrium->left ventricle through ARTERIAL VENTRICULAR VALVES
one way - shut after blood passes |
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Term
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Definition
| left ventricle-> artery through semilunar valve contracts to prevent backflow of blood to ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
heart rate when relaxed with no exertion
lower for those in shape - heart muscle is stronger, one pump has higher volume of blood |
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Term
| increasing heart rate during exercise |
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Definition
| muscles use more oxygen and glucose from blood with increase movement |
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Definition
| used after heart attack and cardiac arrest to send shock wave through heart to jump start |
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Term
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Definition
blowing into mouth with pinched nose
if no breathing, 30 chest pumps to keep heart pumping
continue with pattern until help arrives |
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Term
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Definition
irregular heart beat
fast or slow or skips beat or haphazard beat |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular noise during heart beat |
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Term
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Definition
| plaques/clots in a coronary artery stop the blood flow to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
heart rate that exceeds the normal range
over 100 BPM |
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Term
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Definition
resting heartbeat under 60 BPM
problematic under 50 |
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Term
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Definition
artery vessel wall balloons outward due to weakening of blood vessel
can stimulate clots to form in the area or can burst altogether |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of brain function due to lack of blood flow to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| platelet accumulation block blood vessels and can stop the flow of blood altogether |
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Term
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Definition
high blood pressure
can lead to stroke/heart attack, kidney damage and memory/vision problems |
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Term
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Definition
low blood pressure
not enough water or proteins in plasma
not enough oxygen or sugar to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
highest pressure
force of blood in arteries when ventricles contract |
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Term
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Definition
| force of blood on walls of the circulatory system while the heart is in relaxation |
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Term
| cholesterol and fat plaques in arteries |
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Definition
| heart attack, blood clots |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tiny air sacs that fight pathogens that made it past mucous
bulge out from the respiratory bronchiole walls
where gas exchange occurs |
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Term
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Definition
smaller tubes in lungs that contract and dilate to have air flow
primary bronchioles->secondary bronchioles ->respiratory bronghioles |
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Term
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Definition
two of them leading to sides of the lungs
rings of cartilage to hold shape
epithelial tissue with mucous secreting cells and cilia that enter lungs at philia
helps to clean respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
windpipe
tube with muscular walls embedded with hyaline cartilage to keep it open and add strength
divides into 2 bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
waste trapped in bronchi gets pushed upward toward pharynx so it can go down throat to stomach
smoking immobilizes cilia |
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Term
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Definition
secreted in bronchi
moved up respiratory tract by cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm contracts, moves down and expands the thoratic cavity to make space for air to come in |
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Term
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Definition
diaphragm relaxes and moves up, helping push out breath
abdominal muscles help push out breath by pushing diaphragm up |
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Term
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Definition
174,000 people die a year from lung cancer
90% are smokers |
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Term
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Definition
increases BP
constricts blood vessels - poor circulation
constricts appetite
alters sex hormone effectiveness
kills nerve cells and sensory receptors - smell/taste
increased C02 levels and decreased oxygen levels - can't exercise
pollution costs millions of $ to clean up
immobilizes cilia
impairs immune system - kills white blood cells - stimulates more mucous |
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Term
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Definition
more than 60 in cigarettes
attack epithelial cells to grow out of control |
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Term
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Definition
compounds missing electrons that steal from body cell structure
damage DNA and cell membranes -> mutations - prevent cells from not dividing |
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Term
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Definition
capillaries process blood - filtration, reabsorption, secretion
monitor amount of oxygen in blood
release erythoprotein to stimulate stem cells in bone marrow to make more blood
form urine
makes enzyme renin to stabilize blood pressure
helps control pH balance of body |
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Term
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Definition
tubule that leads from kidneys to bladder
contains the urine formed in the collecting ducts of nephrons |
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Term
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Definition
stores urine that is ready to empty out of urethra
1.5 liters can be held
when walls of bladder stretch receptors signal to CNS the need to urinate |
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Term
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Definition
producing sperm and testosterone
start developing sperm at age 15 until death
starts in seminiferous tubules (immature sperm) nurse cell takes it to epididymus to mature |
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Term
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Definition
sperm from seminiferous tubules are sent to mature
become mobile and store until used (3 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| transport of sperm from epididymus in anticipation of ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
secrete fructose and prostaglandins and triggers muscle contractions to help with ejaculation as well as with sperm getting up female reproductive tract
where semen is made |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes buffers to help sperm in acidic vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes mucous, aids swimming sperm and lubricates and buffers the semen |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres surrounded by acronosome (enzyme to penetrate the egg) |
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Term
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Definition
| central filamentous core with mitochondria spiraled around it that is used for ATP production for journey through female |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sperm in fluid of fructose, prostaglandins, mucous and buffers |
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Term
| average sperm count per ejaculation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passageway from ovaries to the outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
where zygote develops to become embryo and fetus
fallopian tubes attach to upper portion (where fertilization occurs)->lining of uterus |
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Term
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Definition
produces and secretes estrogen, progesterone, contains progenitor cell
produces eggs through meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
muscular/elastic chamber for penial insertion
birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
secretes thin mucous during ovulation to help with sperm delivery
once implantation occurs mucous is thicker to keep bacteria out
helps keep fetus in uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| if no fertilization of egg |
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Definition
| ovum, corpus lutenum, oocyte, endometrial layer will all be expelled after 12 days during menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
disorder where cells from the lining of uterus appear and flourish outside of uterine cavity
can lead to pelvic pain and infertilization |
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Term
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Definition
triggered by spike of FSH and LH releases from pituatary gland
mature egg is released from ovary into the oviduct to become fertilized
utarian lining is thickened
endometrial glands and mucous membrane is full sized |
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Term
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Definition
28 days
ovulation = day 13-16
menstruation - day 1-4 |
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Term
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Definition
end of the fertile phase of a woman's life
late 40's - early 50's
low estrogen levels |
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Term
| estrogen and progesterone pill |
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Definition
| combo inhibit FSH and LH so that the follicle won't be released from ovary and eggs won't develop fully |
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Term
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Definition
prevents ovulation
extra thick cervical mucus
inhibiting the proper preparation of the endometrial lining so zygote can't implant |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents fertilization of implantation or transport of blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
prevents sperm from reaching the egg
only prevents cervical warts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the vas deferents is snipped so sperm cannot ejaculate |
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Term
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Definition
| female's oviduct tubes are cut or tied so eggs cannot be fertilized |
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Term
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Definition
| can be used within first few days after sex and works in a variety of ways to delay ovulation, stop implantation and increase mucous protection |
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Term
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Definition
same genes
one from mom and one from dad
pair of chromasomes of the same length and centromere position and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical copies of a chromatid |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA used to code for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| different sequences of DNA used to code for a protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
affects its phenotype in heterozygous state
even if only 1 copy of the allele is present |
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Term
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Definition
| only express its phenotype in homozygous state |
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Term
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Definition
| sum total of alleles in organism for a gene |
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Term
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Definition
how alleles are expresses
physical expression of phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| physical/biochemical or behavior character of an organism that appears to be genetically determined |
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Definition
| a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| initial cell formed when 2 gamete cells are joined by sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
causes testes to develop in week 7 of development
found of Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
autosomal dominant - not sex linked - 1 allele in genotype to express
progressive onset neurodegenerative disease
over time, degradation of basic nuclei of brain and nerve cell
begins in late teens and takes 10-15 years to die
huntington protein breaks down nuclei and progressive loss of brain functions, slurred speech, loss of memory, convulsions, seizures, suffocation |
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Term
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Definition
autosomal recessive disorder
mutation of CF allele created a Cl- ion transport protein in membrane which cannot move Cl- across membrane
reduce H20 an Na+ movements in tissue
buildup of mucous in lungs - no H20 to break it up
suffocation of mucous |
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Term
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Definition
X-linked recessive disorder
missing factor VIII clotting protein
can take up to 2 days to clot blood |
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Term
| one gene one protein hypothesis |
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Definition
| the idea that genes act through production of enzymes - with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that affects a single step in a metabolic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| mom passes diseases to sons and dads pass to daughters |
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Term
| higher frequency of sex linked disorders |
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Definition
males
only have one x chromosome |
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