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Definition
studies physical remains of humanity's past.
archeos-ancient
logos-knowledge/study
"study of the past"
deals with "nuts and bolts" of the past (architecture, tools, weapons, cultic objects, vessels of daily use)
Studies physical remains of humanity's past |
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| studies events, causes of events, facets of the human experience |
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Judeo-Christian tradition
basis of western culture |
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before history/writing
writing began in Sumer in 3,000 BC |
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| Mycenaean Greek writing known for? |
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1286 BC
Ramses II (The Great)
Fights Hittites |
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1200 BC
stopped by Ramses III
Ugarit destroyed (traveled from Cyprus) |
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a theory is valid until the evidence contradicts it
a new theory for a known data set may explain it better
theory is a "basis for change" |
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how archaeologists know about the past
1. form a hypothesis 2. test hypothesis 3. accept or reject
Ex. If a stone anchor is on the seabed it must mean a ship passed by as well as it shows us things like date and ethnicity |
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building blocks of archaeology
any item made by humans, used by humans, teaches us about past surroundings |
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| Artifacts (Made by humans) |
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architecture
shipwrecks
tombs
funerary artifacts
ceramics (pottery)
weapons
cult items
statues
ivory
jewelry |
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archaeologists are not playing with a full deck
dead sea scrolls
Uluburun Wreck (organic preservation underwater) |
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| Artifacts (Used by Humans) |
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Horses
Grape pips in Amphora base |
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pictures from the past
paintings, frescoes, reliefs, graffiti |
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measurement of the past
date the past (radiocarbon dating)
determine original source of materials (metals, ceramics, obsidian) |
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| place where obsidian was found in the Franchthi Cave |
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Tel (Hebrew)
Tell (Arabic) |
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a mound of many cities
Situated near water, defensible position, arable land, near trade routes |
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| large rocks that make up the foundation of a wall of mud bricks |
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bottom of the tel
you know you have reached the bottom |
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the recording of levels
problems: pits, wells, graves. They intrude into other layers. One site could be covered up by older site, newer is built at the bottom of a tel |
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Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Professor Kathleen Kenyon
Emphasizes recording levels visible in sections |
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| wall left not excavated in the grid system |
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| area being excavated that is continually split up into smaller areas |
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| branch that studies the physical development of the human species. |
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| Paleobotany (Paleoethnobotany) |
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| branch that studies plant remains from ancient sites |
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| using data from fossils and artifacts to reconstruct the environment of the past |
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| Obsidian from Franchthi Cave |
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| Obsidian was a big trading item and was found in this cave on Argolis and the obsidian was taken along the island chain to Melos |
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| refers to an artifact that is still in it's original position and has not been moved. If not found in situ it is out of context and can't tell near as much than if it was in place. |
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| sections separated by baulks (walls) that make up a grid of excavated areas. These are broken down into locus |
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| a piece of pottery or a stone that has been broken off of a vase. Usually they have writings on them which help determine which period it is from |
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| person who studies and interprets ancient writings |
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| ground based physical sensing technique used for archaeological imaging or mapping |
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| allows archaeologists to investigate a wider range of past activities that extend beyond a single site |
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| determining the date after it's been sorted and washed and dried. |
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| defining artifacts based on its type in order to make sense of what it is. Subjective observation |
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| the site where the culture was first found |
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Three Age System
by Danish archaeologist C.J. Thomsen |
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Stone
Bronze
Iron
after the iron age periods were named after the people in power |
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defining time
dating the past |
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| can't find the exact date of something but find out what is earlier and what is later |
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| example of relative chronology done by Petrie, just determining what pre-dates what without knowing specific dates |
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| Sir WIlliam Matthew Flinders Petrie |
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| first person to use sequence dating to determine what is older relative to other things, divided Pre-Dynastic period into 3 phases (beginning at SD 30) |
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| time before unification of Egypt into pharaonic civilization |
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| Terminus ad quem = time before which |
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artifact must have been deposited before the event
(TAQ)
scrolls are found in destruction level (destroyed in AD 72) so it must date before AD 73 |
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| Terminus post quem = time after which |
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| artifacts found above destruction would post date it |
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exact date of item or event
ex. cornerstone of modern building |
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| calendars, king lists, annals, C14 |
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| lists of kings with number of years they lived |
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| concise form of historical representation which records events chronologically year by year |
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| Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel |
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| Book that gives a more detailed account of the reigns of the kings of ancient Kingdom of Israel as presented in the Hebrew Bible. Compiled by or derived from the king's own scribes |
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| Book of the Annals of the Kings of Judea |
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| Book that gives a more detailed account of the reigns of the kings of ancient Kingdom of Judah as presented in the Chronicles and Kings in the Hebrew Bible. |
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| list of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and dynasties |
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| Manetho (3rd Century B.C.) |
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| Egyptian historian that wrote the Aegyptiaca, the history of Egypt, used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns and pharaohs |
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| Synchronization of Celestial Events |
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each year divided into 12 months of 30 days each
years not listed in a single linear system as today |
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| the situation in which a monarchy is ruled by two people instead of the normal one. |
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| Carbon 14 Dating (radiocarbon dating, C14) |
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| radioactive decay measured in half lives, a date is reached by calculating how much carbon 14 is left |
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| came up with carbon 14 dating |
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| time required for radioactive decay to diminish amount by half |
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| California Bristlecone Pines |
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thought to be the single oldest living single organisms
5,000 yrs old |
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| Corrected or Calibrated Dates |
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| statistical error (+/-) 100 has a probability of being correct 68% of the time (+/-) 200 95% (+/-) 300 99% |
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| first Semitic language, spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, uses cuneiform systematic writing |
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| earliest written expression used in Sumer, pictures |
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first agricultural revolution, transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. 10,500-8,500 BC
Cultivation of plants, domestication of animals, growth of settlements, larger populations, cultures became more complex |
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| "After the old stone age" |
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where the Natufian culture got it's name
located in the Mount Carmel Hills of Israel |
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caves southwest of Mt. Carmel excavated and unearthed what is thought to be the earliest known prehistoric man.
Found pierced stone mortars that imply an attempt to communicate or honor the dead by pouring liquids through the mortars. |
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location of Natufian Dwellings, circular in shape
Example of secondary burial here |
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| small stone tool used for hunting spears/arrows |
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| society in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals |
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| Spread of the Natufian Culture |
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| started in Jericho and moved northeast along the Mediterranean |
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First culture to live in permanent settlements
First to build houses (roughly circular up to 24 ft. diameter)
Many installations (hearths, silos, etc.)
High level of culture |
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Natufian Spiritual Life
Burial Practices
Secondary |
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Definition
| body is allowed to decay and then all the bones are collected and buried together |
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| established burial customs, dead wear jewelry |
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Natufian Spiritual Life
Cultic Installations |
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they had fertility objects that they held in very high regard because of the importance of grain and sex
any object that was the focus of their worship |
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Natufian Spiritual Life
Burial Practices
Primary |
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Definition
| bodies are buried as they are |
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Natufian Spiritual Life
Personal Ornaments
Jewelry |
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| Dentalium, necklace of carved bone and shells |
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Natufian Spiritual Life
Art Objects |
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| animal cravings, human representations, pebble head carving |
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Tell es-Sultan
most important site of Neolithic era |
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| most people lived in alluvial fans, circular houses 12-18 ft. in diameter built with mud brick |
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| dry river bed, round base that gives us the idea that they lived in teepees |
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| Obsidian Trade with Anatolia (Turkey) |
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| this was a very valuable thing to have to trade. |
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Tell Bouqras
Tell Abu Hureyra
Tell Mureybet |
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Husbandry of Goats
Sheep and Cattle |
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| shifted from hunting these animals to raising them and herding them for food. Goats were the preferred animal but sheep and cattle were also raised |
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| found plastered skulls, bodies were buried and the skull was kept in the house and was plastered to look like the person |
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skulls with applied asphalt decoration
limestone masks |
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| Shaar Hagolan (Yarmukian) Culture |
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| first culture in prehistoric Israel, oldest in the Levant to use pottery, many fertility figures found |
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site in the Jordan Valley excavated by Jean Perrot the Yarmukian culture occupied this area
this area was the location of both the Wadi Rabah (PNB) and Yarmukina (PNA) |
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| when buried the skulls were removed and placed in the houses as a way of keeping the person with them spiritually. |
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| statues for at Ain Ghazal that were part of a religious ritual |
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| Flooding of the Black Sea |
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| thought to be Noah's flood, people had to move inland very fast because so many people lived on the coast |
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Chronology
Epi-Paleolithic Period |
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Definition
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Chronology
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) |
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Definition
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Chronology
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) |
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Chronology
Pottery Neolithic A (PNA) |
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Chronology
Pottery Neolithic B (PNB) |
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