Term
| What's wrong with popular culture? |
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Definition
| It is a threat to canonized teaching. Popular culture is seen as frivolous even though it is the largest way in which we are exposed to culture |
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Term
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Definition
| what is generally taught, classic, considered worthy of knowing |
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Term
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Definition
limited resources, rare, authored, expensive,requires high education.
i.e.; ballet, broadway,caviar, escargot, champagne, polo, sailing, cricket, fencing, riding. |
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Term
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Definition
mass produced, common, egalitarian, low, determines most current value systems
i.e.; hip hop, breakdance, hamburgers, pizza, ramen, beer, redbull, coke, wine, sports, video games, tv, beer pong, corn hole |
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Term
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Definition
authored, personal, handmade, deals with community, transmitted orally.
i.e.; square dancing, corn bread, creole, deer, rabbit, vegetables, fruits, knitting, horseshoes, quilting. |
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Term
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Definition
| the social production of sense, meaning, and consciousness. It is the sphere of meaning which unifies the spheres of production (economics) and social relations (politics.) |
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Term
| Ideology/Worldviews/Beliefs |
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Definition
mean the same thing; process by which a set of values and beliefs that bind individuals together becomes natural.;
i.e.; capitalism, democracy, monogamy |
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Term
| What are 3 key points about popular culture? |
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Definition
1. mass media includes and are influencing practices in everyday life.
2. it is concerned with the production of sense and social value.
3. power and ideology go hand in hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| mass media that reflects itself economically and technologically and is measured by consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term first introduced by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno to describe the new conditions of cultural production in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In contrast to earlier periods, culture is now mostly produced and distributed in an industrial fashion and on a mass scale like any other commodity. Cultural industries include the music and film industry, advertising, television, and professional sports among others. The concept of cultural industry(in the singular) draws attention to the overall social consequences of such a cultural-commodity system, including the dominance of instrumental rationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wide range of political and cultural philosophies that draw their inspiration from the work of Karl Marx. Marxist approaches to society and culture emphasize the primacy of economic relations and structures in determining all other social activity. In particular, Marxism emphasizes the exploitative foundations of capitalist systems of economics. The notion of ideology arises out of the Marxist tradition as a way to account for how the dominant economic class controls the production and distribution of ideas in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to a group of innovative social theorists whos ideas remain important decades after the school was formally dissolved. It is used to describe approaches that emphasize the production of popular culture and insist on its ideological constraints. Members included Horkheimer, adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, and Leo Lowenthal. |
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Term
| Intstruemental Rationality |
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Definition
| the use or rationality or reason in an instrumentalfashion suggests the use of the most efficient means to achieve the desired end. |
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Term
| Why was the Frankfurt School critical of Instrumental Rationality? |
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Definition
| it eliminated the critical use of reason. |
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Term
| Base/Superstructure Model |
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Definition
| The base or bourgeios which is the economic institutions regulates what is produced in the superstructure or social institutions and affects what we think. |
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Term
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Definition
| german philosopher and political theorist who co-wrote the communist manifesto and founded communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| egalitarian, classless, and stateless society basedon the common ownership of production and property. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social class which obtains income from ownership or trade. uptop, rich. |
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Term
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Definition
| the "lower" or "working" class |
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Term
| Where does the power rest in america? |
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Definition
| Military-Industrial-Entertainment Complex |
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Term
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Definition
| 90 % of all media is owned by 10 companies |
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Term
| How does the base excercise control over the populace? |
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Definition
| creating and environment of constant desire promoting ocnsumerism and promoting false needs |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that fosters insatiable consumer needs by creating demand where there may be none |
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Term
| Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno |
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Definition
| post marxist, tried to critique capitalist based on pop culture. central thesis is that amusements generated from the culture industry "impedes" the masses from reflecting on the realities of social and political realities. believed that people take passive satisfaction and buy what is not truly neededand that cultural products are being produced solely to make a profit |
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Term
| 3 Characteristics of Popular Culture |
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Definition
1. Standardization
2. Culture industry serves to reinforce the status quo
3. Opposition and dissent is factored into the culture |
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Term
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Definition
| culture comes packaged in a small number of predictable forms and genres and is produced increasingly limited number of giant corporations for consumption by a global audience |
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Term
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Definition
| gives a product the appearance of novelty.It enables the functioning of standardization; gives the illusion of choie, makes you want whatyou already have in a new version. |
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Term
| How does the culture industry serve to reinforce and maintain the power of the status quo? |
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Definition
| it encourages conformity because it's products are uniform, and encourages distractions from reality by drawing attention away from the contradictions and problems of contemporary society. |
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Term
| How does popular culture factor in opposition and dissent? |
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Definition
| all the opposition structures keep the capitalism structure in place. Sub-cultures and counter-cultures offset the need to introduce "newness" into the system. Rebelion keeps the system alive and kicking. |
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Term
| Political Economy and Popular Cultuer |
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Definition
| all materials are produced to serve a political and economic ends. Business is not just about business, it is about ideology, power, and close interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system of "private enterprise whose primary aim is the production of profit." rather than being owned by the public or by the state, the means of production are privately owned |
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Term
| Military-Industrial-Entertainment Complex |
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Definition
| A conglomeration of three powerful groups that exercise the most influence and control over American society |
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Term
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Definition
| french post marxist theorist and philosopher cho criticizes that the marxist political economy model by saying it is too grounded in economic determinism because economics alone cannot explain all cultural variations because many movies and music fail.Believes you need to take into account economic, political, legal, and ideological processes |
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Term
| Which 3 superstructures does Althusser say are as importint in maintaining the capitalist system as the economic means pf production? |
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Definition
1. Ideoligical Systems
2. Political and Legal Systems
3. Economic Base |
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Term
| What 2 parts did Althusser divide the state into? |
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Definition
1. Repressive State Apparatus (RSA)
2. Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) |
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Term
| Repressive State Apparatus (RSA) |
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Definition
| army, police, prisons, control through force/violence |
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Term
| Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) |
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Definition
| institutions that shape cultural conformity through persuasion i.e.; school, religion, family, legal systems, politics, arts, sports, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Antonio Gramsci in jail. explains how ideoligical state apparatuses are formed. The powers that reproduce their control over a consenting populace. The key element in this concept is that the population gives full consent to their domination by the ruling class. Attaches common sense and naturalization as views. |
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Term
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Definition
| Way to interpret literal and cultural meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| any unitof analysis. All texts are signs. |
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Term
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Definition
| all texts, utterances, and things that carry meanings.They are sometimes literal and sometimes symbolic. Basic units of meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| father of linguistics, concerned with how we communicate and how language functions, after his death his methods were taken up and adopted by cultural studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| the word as it is written. the literal form. |
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Term
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Definition
| what the signifier means. the cultural form. |
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Term
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Definition
| signs may carry multiple/disparate meanings. signs are aribitrary; these words that are so associated with their cultural meanings that are unable to translate them. |
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Term
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Definition
| french semiotician. Adoptedlinguistic methodologies to cultural studies. |
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Term
| Sign = Signifier + Signified |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st level of signification |
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Definition
| denotative form. sign or what the sign denotes. (1 word) |
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Term
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Definition
| connotative. The wider culural or symbolic meaning of the sign. |
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Term
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Definition
| why we value certain items at different prices |
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Term
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Definition
| objects and services produced by consumption or exchange by the application of human labor |
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Term
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Definition
| from anthropology the primitive belief that objects have mystical or religious qualities or powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the human needs that a commodity fulfills through it's actual use |
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Term
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Definition
| the value of exchange that the objects will fetch on the market (price) |
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Term
| what happens when we fetishize a product? |
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Definition
| it's exchange value supercedes it's use value |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that indicates the flow of people, goods, and products, media, capital, and technology between the nations of the world. |
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Term
| how is globalization evolution more than revolution? |
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Definition
| while the media emphasizes major change there has been a long history of interaction between nations of the world |
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Term
| what does international monetary funds do? |
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Definition
| determines the exchange rate |
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Term
| what are the 3 engines of globalization? |
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Definition
1. International trade
2. international investment
3. information technology |
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Term
| can things be good or bad about globalization? |
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Definition
| no. however things can be good or bad about the consequences. |
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Term
| what is the impact of unequal power relations on cultural exchange? |
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Definition
| larger, more powerful countries will not recieve as much information from other countries as they send out and it enforces the more powerful countries values on the less powerful country |
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Term
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Definition
| the historic process through which dominant groups (usually nations) have assimilated, dominated, and subjugated less powerful ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extension of rule over different countries, territories of peoples, usually by force for the purpose of economic gain |
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Term
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Definition
| the ideological infiltration of the cultural products of dominant groups into less globally powerful ones at the expense of some aspects of their indigenous culture |
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Term
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Definition
| used to reer to the process by which immigrants assimilated into american culture, nowadays it is used to talk about the way american cultural products seem to be conquering the globe |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that one's nation/culture is the best. cultural products convey cultural messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's unique personality or sense of self rather than inhabiting a single identity. We all assume multiple identities that are defined by particular circumstances and relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Althusser to describe the process by which an individual is addressed or "called on" ideology to assume a certain identity. |
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Term
| what is critical to interpellation? |
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Definition
| the degree to which an individual recognizes and identifies with the roles he or she is assigned by the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the co-existance of different cultures and the recognition that there is no universal definition of a national culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the sometimes forced integration of an immigrant group in the percieved "dominant" culture of the host community through the absorption of the host's cultural practices and history |
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Term
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Definition
| impact the cultural imagination of war, allow audiences to live vicariously and experience the danger and excitement of the front lines, they use propaganda to manufacture consent |
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Term
| what are common elements of war genre? |
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Definition
| explosions, bombings, uniforms with helmets, fighting, guns, march music, trumets, fear, browery, red cross, helicopters, airplanes, jeeps, tells a depressing patriotic story, as time goes on storyline gets better and becomes realistic |
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Term
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Definition
| generic, serial romances. short and released on a month to month basis |
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Term
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Definition
| the picture on the inside. 1/2 naked people looking at each other |
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Term
| stereotypes of romance novels |
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Definition
| bodice rippers, reinforces patriarchy, fantasies, bored housewives read them, they are unintelligent, something must be wrong with the reader's love life |
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Term
| what is the reality about romance novels? |
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Definition
| large and extremely varied genre of literature |
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Term
| what are the 2 things common to romance novels? |
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Definition
1. a central love story
2. an emotionally satisfying and optomistic ending |
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Term
| what are the 2 formats of romance novels? |
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Definition
1. serials
2. single titles |
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Term
| single title romance novels |
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Definition
| longer and released individually by a publishing company |
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Term
| what are 5 subgenres of romance novels? |
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Definition
1. historical romances
2. inspirational romances
3. paranormal romances
4. romantic suspense
5. contemporary romances |
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Term
| what are thematic elements of romance novels? |
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Definition
| feminism, humor, clothing, love, womanhood, food, power |
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Term
| what are cultual ideals that tie into romance? |
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Definition
| heterosexuallity, marriage, nuclear family, femininity. however many are changing |
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Term
| when did the shift from studying production to studying how products are consumed occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of marketing? |
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Definition
| to homogenize the audience |
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Term
| audience is made up of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| audience reception studies created a shift from ________ methodology to ________ methodology |
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Definition
| quantitative, qualitative |
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Term
| what did quantitative methods use? |
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Definition
| statistics and demographics such as ratings ect. |
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Term
| what did qualitative methods borrow from? |
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Definition
| anthropology. it shows how to question for qualitative answers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a research method that analyzes and examines audience behavior through long term studies using participation and observation. the fieldwork techniques include unstructured interviews and first hand observation |
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Term
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Definition
| described the process of meaning-making in terms of 2 key operations, encoding and decoding |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a text is constructed by it's producers |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the audience reads, understands, and interprets a text |
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Term
| what happens when a text is decoded? |
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Definition
| it is either accepted, negotiated (omitting part), or opposed (rejecting the entire pretext of the encoding) |
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Term
| Point of the Audience Reception Theory |
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Definition
| make it clear that the audience is not passive sheeps. The viewer can interpret the text however they choose. |
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Term
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Definition
| signs carry different meanings for different people |
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Term
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Definition
| where an intentionally encoded meaning is misread |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of inattention for example superbowl viewers pay more attention to socializing than to the game |
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Term
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Definition
| where readers found a personal escape from the act of reading instead of the encoded |
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Term
| reading against the grain |
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Definition
| recognizing the encoded message and choosing to interpret it differently |
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Term
| why is there so much homosocial interpretation in batman? |
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Definition
| gays are very underrepresented in popular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a smaller group or community that exists within a given culture. These are typically made up of people into share particular intersts, ideas, professions, and pursuits. They don't tend to align with dominant cultural values |
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Term
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Definition
| groups or subcultures that express antagonism towards existing social and political order and propose alternative ways of organizing society |
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Term
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Definition
| a subculture of individuals who share a devotion to a particular aspect of popular culture |
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Term
| how are fans stereotyped? |
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Definition
| fanatics that demonstrate their devotion in a manner that goes beyond the casual consumption of the text |
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Term
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Definition
| (illegal) appropriating an element of the text to use in another text. A re-working of parts of a text that results in a new derivative text i.e: mashup |
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Term
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Definition
| re-organizing parts of the text to create a new or implied meaning (ex. disney lawyers constantly patrol internet to find copyright infringement) |
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Term
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Definition
| named for its orgin in k/s fan fiction. In general it refers to a fan created art, fiction video or photo. Manipulations which explore the unspoken sexual tenions between fictional characters in ways that the original text never intended. It is an example of both poaching and bricolage. |
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