Term
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Definition
| louder, stronger, neutral stimulus (NS) are more likely to become conditioned CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the NS must be presented BEFORE the UCS for conditioning to take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS causes the behavior to expire. |
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Term
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Definition
| reappearance of the CR after prior extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| when learners respond to other stimulus in the same way they respond to conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| being able to differentiate between two similar stimulus. (High pitched tone that elicits CR vs low pitch tone=no CR) |
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Term
| Higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| Pairing a NS with a CS until the NS also elicits the Conditioned response. (bell=salivate; bell + light=salivate; light = salivate). |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing a NS until one elicits a CR, then switching to the other NS and having it elicit the CR. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Extinction |
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Definition
| Extinction is undependable and spontaneous recovery can occur. People avoid stimulus they fear; The speed at which extinction occurs is unpredictable. |
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Term
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Definition
| More productive than extinction; spontaneous recovery less likely to occur. |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| exposure to a stress inducing stimulus while being encouraged to relax |
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Term
| Name 4 Behaviorist Assumptions |
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Definition
| Practice is important; students should encounter academic subject matter in a positive climate and associate it with positive emotions; to break a bad habit a learner must replace one S-R connection with another S-R that is desirable. Assessing learning involves looking for behavior changes. |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
| Behaviorism. Instrumental conditioning says that humans and non-human animals alike tend to behave in ways that bring them desirable consequences and enable them to avoid unpleasant ones. |
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Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effects |
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Definition
| responses that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened. (Cat in a box/maze discovers how to escape more and more quickly). |
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Term
| Thorndike's Revised Law of Effects |
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Definition
| continues to maintain that rewards strengthen behavior, but placed less emphasis on the role/effects of punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best known behaviorist scientist. Skinner Box & Operant Conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms acquire behaviors that are followed by certain consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| rats press a bar to get food.A response that is followed by a reinforcer is strengthened and is therefore more likely to reoccur. |
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Term
| Operant conditioning (continuted) |
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Definition
| Responses that are reinforced increase in frequency and are therefore more likely to occur. Reinforcement can bring about learning.. A re-inforcer= a stimulus/event that increases the frequency of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| any single reinforcer is likely to increase many different behaviors in many different situations. |
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Term
| 3 Conditions for Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| The re-inforcer must FOLLOW the response; the re-inforcer must follow the response IMMEDIATELY; the reinforcer must be CONTINGENT on the response.(response is FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY upon the elicitation of the REQUIRED behavior). |
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Term
| Contrast Operant Conditioning with Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| Operant conditioning occurs when a response is FOLLOWED by a reinforcing stimulus. NOT S-R, rather R-Srf. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are biologically based; food, air, water, physical affection, sensory fullfillment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A conditioned reinforcer, usually through social conditions. They are; good grades, praise, money, feeling successful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presentation of a stimulus AFTER a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of a stimulus that results in increased response. removal of an aversive stimulus. (Cake or Death?) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Presentation of an aversive stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of a pleasant stimulus. |
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Term
| 4 Common Phenomenon in Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
| *superstitious behavior= lucky sweather, etc. *shaping = using reinforcement to shape a behavior. *chaining= teaching a chain of responses by reinforcing the first, then subsequent behaviors until a process behavior is conditioned. *Extinction= a response decreases in frequency because it no longer get reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to stay away from aversive stimulus. (missing meetings by using excuses) |
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Term
| Passive avoidance learning |
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Definition
| Not making a response to avoid uncomfortable situations (not taking a math class or dr. apt.) |
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Term
| Avoidance behaviors characteristic |
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Definition
| Avoidance behaviors are difficult to extinguish. Better to never let them develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Getting organisms ready to respond to a stimulus; It is a preperatory cue for a behavior to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a response is elicited in a similar circumstance to which it was developed. (Answering the telephone with your business voice when you are at home) |
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