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Definition
| anything to which an organism can respond |
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| a decrease in response due to repeated exposure to the same stimulus |
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Definition
| the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred |
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Definition
| creation of a pairing betwen two stimuli or between a behavior and a response; two kinds: classic and operant conditioning |
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Definition
| an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus; over time the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned and produces a conditioned response |
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Definition
| stimulus that brings about a reflexive or instinctive response |
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Term
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Definition
| innate or reflexive response |
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| stimuli that do not produce a response |
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Definition
| a normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a conditioned response |
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Definition
| a reflexive respones paired with a conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| another word describing classical conditioning |
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Definition
| the loss of a conditioned response |
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Definition
| the return of a weak conditioned response after an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented |
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Definition
| stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response |
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Definition
| the ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli |
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Definition
| link voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors |
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Definition
| the theory that all behaviors are conditioned |
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Definition
| increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive |
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Term
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Definition
| increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant |
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Term
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Definition
| role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that has already happened |
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Term
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Definition
| to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen |
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Term
| primary vs secondary reinforcers |
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Definition
| primary reinforcers are things that the organism responds to naturally while secondary reinforcers are conditioned by pairing with the primary |
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Term
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Definition
| uses conditioning to reduce the occurence of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed |
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Term
| What are the types of reinforcement schedules? |
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Definition
Fixed-ratio: specific # of actions
Variable-ratio: varying # of actions
Fixed-interval: specified time periods
Variable-interval: varying time intervals
Variable-ratio is by far most effective
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Fixed-interval is least effective |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors to train a complicated behavior |
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Definition
| learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced |
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| method of learning that isn't a behaviorist approach |
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| the predisposition to learn or not learn behaviors |
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| process of learning a new behavior by watching others |
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Definition
| neurons that fire when an individual performs an action and when they see someone else performing the action |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of a behavior by watching others |
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Definition
| the process of putting new information into memory |
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Definition
| the shortest form of memory the consists of inonic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory |
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Term
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Definition
| last about 30 seconds and has a capacity of 7 ± 2; housed primarily in hippocampus |
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Definition
| allows us to keep a few pieces of info in consciousness to manipulate them |
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Term
| What are the two types of long-term memory |
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Definition
implicit (nondeclarative or procedural): skills and conditioned responses
explicit (declarative): memories that require conscious recall
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Definition
| the process of demonstrating that something learned has been retained |
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Definition
| loss of cognitive function |
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Term
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Definition
| thought to be linked to loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus; neurofibrillary tangles, β-amyloid plaques, sundowning (worse function when sun goes down) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by thiamine deficiency; exhibits retrograde and anterograde amnesia and confabulation, the fabrication of vivid memories |
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Definition
| retrieval error caused by existence of other similar information |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the brain to reorganize and form connections easily |
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Term
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Definition
| weak neural connections are broken and strong ones are bolstered |
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