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| The view that there are no absolute moral values |
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| The view that each individual's moral values are no better or worse than anyone else's - each is "true to them" |
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| The view that there are absolute moral values, or "moral facts" |
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| The view that values are only true within a society, and are just a reflection of the society's views. There is no fact of the matter, one way or another |
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| Ethics based on actions - duty rather than consequences |
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| Ethics based on choosing the best outcomes; consequences of actions |
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| The view that the world has a natural ethical framework to it, and that we behave ethically when we adhere to our natural purposes as human beings. |
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| How does Aristotle's final cause relate to Aquinas and Natural Moral Law? |
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| Natural Moral Law involves adhering to our natural purpose - our final cause. Aristotle and Aquinas agree that we have a natural purpose |
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| The nurture and education of the young |
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| To live peacefully in society |
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| a moral imperative that one infers from one of the primary precepts |
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| The belief the life is sacred |
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| the most famous Act Utilitarian |
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| The most famous Rule Utilitarian |
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| The most famous Preference Utilitarian |
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| a utilitarian view based on maximising the quantity of pleasure and minimisation of pain |
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| a utilitarian view that supports the maximisation of the greatest quality of happiness, through to implementation of moral rules |
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| Preference Utilitarianism |
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| a utilitarian view based on taking the preferences of individuals into account |
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| Criticises utilitarianism on the basis that it can't work because our rationality is bounded, not perfect |
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| Greatest Happiness Principle |
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| JS Mill's guiding principle, focused on the quality of the pleasure. |
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| A method of measuring the amount of pleasure or pain caused by an action |
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| something that must, according to Kant, be done out of a sense of duty. |
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| Something that one must do if one wants a certain result to come about |
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| First formulation of the Categorical Imperative |
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| "one must act in such a way that one could will it that one's action became a universal maxim" |
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| Second formulation of the Categorical Imperative |
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| Treat people as an end in themselves, and not as a means to an end |
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| Third formulation of the Categorical Imperative |
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| Act as though you are a legislator in the kingdom of ends |
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| Kant's term for rationality and altruism combined - you can only act truly ethically with this |
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| Christian ethics built around the principle of doing the most loving thing |
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| Came up with Situation Ethics |
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| Love thy neighbour as thyself - preached by Jesus |
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| Moral rules that appear in Exodus 20 |
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| the principle that it's what your life is like that gives it value, not life in and of itself. |
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| The term for the quality of being a person |
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| when someone chooses to die |
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| a mercy killing when the patient is unable to give consent |
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| an alteration made to the genes of sperm or eggs to result in a beneficial quality in offspring |
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| When an action is taken that kills the patient |
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| When treatment is withdrawn or essentials for life are taken away, resulting in the death of the patient |
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| The Doctrine of Double Effect |
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| The Natural Moral Law principle that states that it is possible to do a bad thing with a good intention |
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| The argument that once one thing is allowed, it will inevitably lead to something that is clearly unacceptable. |
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| the process of fertilising eggs "in vitro", creating embryos to be implanted into the womb at a later point |
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| Cloning used for medical purposes |
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| Genetically Modified Crops |
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| Crops that have been altered to have better genetic qualities, such as the yield, the resiliance to pests etc |
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| choosing an embryo for particular genetic traits, and discarding embryos that do not have these traits |
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| A Christian school of thought that claims that war can be justified |
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| Justice in the time following war |
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| Those who refuse to fight in wars on moral grounds |
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| The belief that war is not morally justifiable |
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| The belief that war is not unjust per se, but that it is, as a matter of fact, unjustified because of how it is done |
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| The belief that war is always wrong |
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| People who have a preference for peace, but will go to war in extreme circumstances to prevent injustice |
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| The idea that justice doesn't come into war - wars are an inevitable consequence of there being different countries with different interests |
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| The process of reasoning by which mankind is able to derive secondary precepts from primary precepts. |
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| JS Mill's book on freedom and ethics |
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| Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals |
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| Kant's book where he sets out the categorical imperative |
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| The view that what makes something good is God's commanding it. |
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