Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves as the pump; establishes the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to the tissues; hollow, muscular organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve as the passageways through which blood is directed and distributed from the heart to all parts of the body and then returned to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport medium within which materials being transported long distances are dissolved or suspended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a closed loop of vessels carrying blood between the heart and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circuit of vessels carrying blood between the heart and other body systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad region of heart located proximal to head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pointed tip of heart located distal to head |
|
|
Term
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
|
Definition
| emergency procedure which is performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper chambers of heart, receive blood returning to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower chambers of heart, pump blood from the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessels that carry blood from the tissues back to the atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessels that carry blood away from the ventricles to the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the two halves of the heart, continuous muscular partition that prevents mixture of blood fromt eh two sides of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two large veins through which blood returning from the systemic circulation enter into the right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artery through which the right ventricle pumps blood, branches into two veins that feed into a lung each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| veins through which blood is returned to the left ventricle from the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artery into which the left ventricle pumps blood to be sent through the systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| right and left atrioventricular (AV) valves |
|
Definition
| positioned between the atrium and the ventricle, let blood flow from the atria into the ventricles during ventricular filling but prevent backflow in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of three cusps or leaflets, right AV valve |
|
|
Term
| bicuspid valve (mitral valve) |
|
Definition
| two cusps, resembles a mitre (bishop's hate), left AV valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough, thin, fibrous cords of tendinous-type tissue along the edges of AV valve leaflets that prevent valves from being everted (opening the wrong direction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrude from the inner surface of the ventricular walls and connect to each cusp of AV vales, pull down the chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| aortic and pulmonary valves |
|
Definition
| lie where the major arteries leave the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three cusps that each resemble a half-moon-shaped pocket; forced open when ventricle pressure exceeds arterial pressure, closer reults when the vnetricles relax and pressure drops below atrial pressure; aortic and pulmonary valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| four interconnecting rings of dense conncective tissue; provides firm base for attachment of heart valves; separates the atria from the ventricles and also provides a fairly frigid structure fro attachment of the cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin inner layer of the heart wall, unique epithelial tissue that lines entire circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of heart wall; composed of cardiac muscle and constitutes bulk of heart wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin external layer of heart wall that covers the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encloses heart; consists of two layers -- tough, fibrous covering and secretory lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by pericardial lining and provides lubrication to prevent friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other with every beat of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inflammation of the pericardial sac that results in a painful friction rub between the two pericardial layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart contracts rhythmically as a result of action potentials that it generates by itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 99% of cardiac muscle cells; do the mechanical work of pumping; normally do not initiate APs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1% of cardiac muscle cells; do not contract but specialize in initiating and conducting the APs responsible for contraction of the working cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow drift to threshold by an autorhythmic cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opens during second half of pacemaker potential; transient channel that causes a brief influx of Ca2+ that brings membrane to threshold in pacemaker cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voltage-gated Ca2+ channel that causes a large influx of Ca2+ causes rising phase of AP in a pacemaker cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noncontractile caridiac cell; small, specialized region in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
| noncontractile cardiac cell; small bundle of cells loaced at the base of the right atrium near the septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noncontractile cardiac cells; tract of cell that originates at the AV node an enters the interventricular septum; divides for form right and left bundles that go down septum and around ventricular tip back toward atria along the outer walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal fibers that extend from the bundle of His and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fastest rate of autorhythmicity drives the rest of the heart at this rate; usually the SA node at 70-80 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slower pacemakers that take over if the normal fails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the conducting tissue between the atria and ventricles is damaged and becomes nonfunctional; pt becomes comatose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| implanted device rhythmically generates impulses that spread throughout the heart to drive both the atria and ventricles at the typical rate of 70 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally excitable area that initiates a premature AP that spreads throughout the rest of the heart before the SA node can initiate a normal AP |
|
|
Term
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) |
|
Definition
| abnormal impulse froma ventricular ectopic focus; seen with organic heart disease, in response to anxiety, lack of sleep, or excess caffeine, nicotine or alcohol consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random, uncoordinated excitation and contraction of the cardiac cells; in ventricles is more serious than in atria because blood isn't pumped into arteries with this |
|
|
Term
| electrical defibrillation |
|
Definition
| very strong electrical current is applied on the chest wall to correct fibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends fromt eh SA node within the right atrium to the left atrium; spreads excitation so that left and right are exciting at same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the SA node to the AV node; only way AP can be spread from atria to ventricles is through AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AP is conducted relatively slowly through the AV node; allows time for complete ventricular filling |
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ diffues into the cytosol from the ECF across the T tubule membrane during cardiac AP, triggers the opening of nearby Ca2+ release channels in the adjacent lateral sacs of the sacroplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small part of the electrical signals generated by the cardiac muscle that is conducted through body fluids and is detected by recording electrodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific arrangement of electrodes between two points on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents atrial depolarization, corresponds to the atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents ventricular depolarization, corresponds to ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents ventricular repolarization, corresponds to ventricle contraction (emptying) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time between end of P wave and onset of QRS segment; corresponds to atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the ventricles are completely depolarized and cardiac contractile cells are undergoing the plateau; corresponds to ventricular contraction and ejecting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the heart muscle is completely repolarized and at rest and ventricular filling is taking place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid heart rate of more than 100 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow heart rate of fewer than 60 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any variation from the regularity or spacing of the ECG waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by rapid but regular sequence of atrial depolarizationsat rates between 200 and 380 bpm; AV node does not follow this pattern, so ventricles are unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by rapid, irregular, uncoordinated depolarizations of the atria with no definite P waves; atria contractions are chaotic and asynchronized; ventricle rhythm is also very irregular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when heart rate exceeds pulse rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic abnormality in which the ventricular musculature exhibits uncoordinated, chaotic contractions; ventricles are ineffective pumps; if not fixed in 4 minutes, irreversible brain damage occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises from defects in the cardiac conducting system; atria beat regularly but ventricles fail to be stimulated and thus do not contract following atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage of the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue; necrosis occurs if heart block or ruptured vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
Definition
| when heart tissue becomes necrotic; produces abnormal ECG signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| isometric ventricular contraction |
|
Definition
| all valves to/from ventricle are closed, ventricle pressure continues to increase during this time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction |
|
|
Term
| end-systolic volume (ESV) |
|
Definition
| amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of systole when ejection is compolete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when aortic valve closes and produces a disturbance or notch on the aortic pressure curve |
|
|
Term
| isovolumetric ventricle relaxation |
|
Definition
| after aortic valve closes; constant volume and decreasing pressure in ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low-pitched, soft, relatively long, "lub"; corresponds to vibrations caused by closure of AV valves; signals onset of ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher pitch and shorter and sharper; "dup"; corresponds to vibrations caused by closure of semilunar valves; signals onset of ventricular relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal heart sounds associated with cardiac disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| murmurs not involving heart pathology, more common in young people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiff narrowed valve that does not open completely; causes abnormal whistling sound (murmur) |
|
|
Term
insufficient (incomplete) valve
leaky valve |
|
Definition
| valve that cannot close completely; backwards flow causes swishing or gurgling murmur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backflow through an incomplete valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an autoimmune disease triggered by a streptococcus bacterial infection; often causes valvular stenosis and leakiness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a murmur between the first and second heart sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| murmur occurs between the second and first heart sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between the CO at rest and maximum volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nerve to the heart, primarily supplies the atrium, especially SA and AV nodes |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic control (cardiac) |
|
Definition
| heart's inherent ability to vary stroke volume, depends on direct correlation between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume; depends on length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| Frank-Starling law of the heart |
|
Definition
| the heart normal pumps out during systole the volume of blood returned to it during diastole; increased venous return results in increased stroke volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent of filling, workload imposed on the heart before contraction begins |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic control (cardiac) |
|
Definition
| factors originating outside the heart; most important are from the sympathetic nerves and epinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength of contraction at any given EDV, sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine enhance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aterial blood pressure, workload imposed on the heart after contraction has begun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability of the cardiac output to keep pace with the body's demands for supplies and removal of wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backward failure; blood that cannot enter and be pumped out by the heart continues to dam up in the venous system due to heart's failure to pump an adequate am of blood to the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coronary arteries branch from the aorta and coronary veins empty into right atrium; supply blood to the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
Definition
| pathological changes within the coronary artery walls that diminish blood flow through these vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal spastic constriction that transiently narrows the coronary vessels; associated with early stages of CAD; reversible and usually doesn't last long enough to damage cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive, degenerative arterial disease that leads to occlusion of affected vessels, reduding blood flow through them; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plaques forming beneath the vessel lining within arterial walls; consists of a lipid-rich core covered by an abnormal overgrowth of smooth muscle cells topped off by a collagen-rich connective tissue cap; bulges into vessel lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain associated with myocardial ishcema; felt beneath the sternum and appears to come from left shoulder and down left arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal clot attached to vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of thrombus and emboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exists when small terminal branches from adjacent blood vessels nourish the same area |
|
|
