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| study of the functions of living things |
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| explains body functions in terms of meeting a bodily need, without considering how this outcome is accomplished |
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| (primary for physiology) mechanisms of action can be explained in terms of cause-and-effect sequences of physical and chemical processes |
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| basic or fundamental unit of both structure and function in a living being; smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life |
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| independent living entities |
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| study of the structure of the body |
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| during development of complex multicellular organisms each cell differentiates, or becomes specialized to carry out a particular function |
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| cells of similar structure and specialized function combined |
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| consists of cells specialized for contraction and generating force |
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| consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses, sometimes over long distances |
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| consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment |
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| cavity within a hollow organ or tube |
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| epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting |
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| release from a cell, in response to appropriate stimulation, of specific products that have been made by the cell |
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| secrete through ducts to the outside of the body |
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| lack ducts and release their secretory products, known as hormones, internally into the blood |
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| distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material; connects, supports, and anchors various body parts |
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| consist of two or more types of primary tissue organized together to perform a particular function or functions |
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| collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity that is essential for survival of the whole body |
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| watery; the body cells are in direct contact with and make life-sustaining exchanges with |
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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| fluid collectively contained within all body cells |
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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| fluid outside of the cells |
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| fluid portion of the blood |
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| surrounds and bathes the cells |
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| maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment |
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| transport system that carries materials |
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| breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into the plasma for distribution to the cells |
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| gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment |
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| removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine, along with waste products |
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| provides support and protection for the soft tissues and organs; serves as storage for calcium ion |
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| moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached |
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| serves as an outer protective barrier that prevents internal fluid from being lost from the body and foreign microorganisms from entering |
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| major regulatory system of the body; controls and coordinates bodily activities that require swift response |
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| major regulatory system; regulate activities that require duration |
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| defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous |
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| not essential for survival, only for procreation |
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| intrinsic (local) controls |
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| homeostatic control system built into or are inherent in an organ |
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| homeostatic control which are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the activity of the organ |
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| responses made after a change has been detected |
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| response made in anticipation of a change |
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| change in a homeostatically controlled factor triggers a response that seeks to restore the factor to normal by moving the factor in the opposing direction of the initial change |
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| factor that can vary but is held within a narrow range by a control system |
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| monitors the magnitude of the controlled variable |
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| desired magnitude of the controlled variable |
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| integrator (control center) |
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| compares sensor input with the set point and adjusts output |
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| component of the control system commanded to bring about the desired effect |
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| output enhances or amplifies a change so the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change |
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| abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease |
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| plasma membrane (cell membrane) |
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| very thin membranous structure that encloses each cell |
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| the large single organized cell component, distinct spherical structure |
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| double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus |
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| holes in nuclear envelope that allow necessary traffic to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| fucntions: (1) directing protein synthesis (2) serving as a genetic blueprint during cell replication |
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| play a role in protein synthesis |
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| DNA is transcribed into; delivers teh codded message to ribosomes and is translated into amino acid sequence |
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| essential component of ribosomes |
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| transfers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site in the protein under construction |
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| portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus |
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| remainder of cytoplasm not occupied by organelles |
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| elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed extensively throughout the cytosol |
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| meshwork of tiny interconnected tubules |
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| projects outward as stacks of relatively flattened sacs |
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| "workbenches" where protein synthesis takes place |
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| portions of smooth ER that bud off that contain the new molecules enclosed in a spherical capsule of membrane |
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| fluid-filled membrane-enclosed intracellular cargo container |
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| consists of a stack of flattened, slightly curved, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae; process raw materials into finished products and sort and direct the products to their final destinations |
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| each different surface protein marker like an address on an envelope |
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| contain proteins to be secreted |
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| mechanism of signal a secretory vesicle to release its contents out of the cell |
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| membrane-enclosed sacs containing powerful hydrolytic enzymes |
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| catalyze hydrolysis reactions |
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| material being brought into the cell |
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| "cell drinking", a small droplet of extracellular fluid is intrnalized |
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| structure created when the plasma membrane seals at the surface of a pouch, trapping extracellular contents in small pocket |
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| protein molecule responsible for pinching off an endocytotic vesicle, forms rings that wrap around the wring the neck of the pouch, severing the vesicle from the surface membrane |
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| receptor-mediator endocytosis |
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| highly selective process that enables cells to import specific large molecules that it needs from the environment |
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| "cell eating", large multimolecular particles are internalized |
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| "false feet", projections from a cells surface that completely surround or engulf the particle and trap it within an internalized vesicle |
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| characterized by abnormal accumulation of complex molecules found in nerve cells; caused by a missing lysosome enzyme |
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| membrane-enclosed sacs containing enzyme which house several powerful oxidative enzymes and contain most of the cell's catalase |
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| use oxygen to strip hydrogen from certain organic molecules; helps detoxify various wastes within the cell or foreign toxic compounds that have entered the cell |
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| antioxidant enzyme that decomposes potent H2O2 into harmless H2O and O2 |
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| energy organelles, "power plants"; extract energy from the nutrients in food and transform it into a usable form for cell activities |
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| an inner membrance of the mitochondria that forms a series of infoldings or shelves |
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| gel-like solution in the mitochondria |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| energy accessible for the cell; stored in high-energy phosphate bonds; consists of an adenosine and three phosphate groups |
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| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
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Definition
| adenosine and two phosphate groups |
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Definition
| chemical process involving 10 separate sequential reactions that break down the simple six-carbon sugar molecule, glucose, into two pyruvic acid molecules |
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| tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) |
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Definition
| consists of a cyclical series of eight separate biochemical reactions that are directed by the enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix |
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| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
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Definition
| hydrogen carrier molecule used in the TCA |
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| flavine adenine dinuceotide (FAD) |
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Definition
| hydrogen carrier molecule used in the TCA |
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| guanosine diphosphate (GDP) |
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Definition
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| guanosine triphosphate (GTP) |
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| ATP equivalent made in TCA; high-energy molecule similar to ATP |
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| consists of electron carrier molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane lining the cristae |
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| steps in ETS used to harvest energy to create ATP |
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| activated by the flow of hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| harnessing of energy into a useful form as the electrons tumble from a high-energy state to a low-energy state |
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| the intracellular oxidation of nutrient derivatives |
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| shaped like octagonal barrels; cellular "trucks" b/c match the nuclear pores |
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